Joint Declaration by the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Cambodia and the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Thailand on the outcomes of their meeting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
The White House
October 26, 2025
We, the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Cambodia and the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Thailand, as witnessed by the President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister of Malaysia, having met in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on October 26, 2025, declare the following:
We reaffirm the unwavering commitment to peace and security between our two countries — as declared in Putrajaya, Malaysia, on July 28, 2025 — and reiterate our firm commitment to refrain from the threat or use of force, peaceful settlement of disputes, and respect for international boundary and of international law, for the promotion of peace, security, stability, and prosperity in the region on the basis of mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, and national identity of our respective nations.
We reaffirm our firm commitment to upholding and implementing the agreements reached by both sides at the General Border Committee meetings.
We signed the Terms of Reference (TOR) on the establishment of the ASEAN Observer Team (AOT), which will comprise personnel from ASEAN Member States with the objective of ensuring the full and effective implementation of the ceasefire. We call on ASEAN Member States to provide the appropriate support to ensure the AOT can successfully meet its objectives.
Furthermore, we committed to de-escalating tensions and restoring confidence and mutually beneficial relations between the Kingdom of Cambodia and the Kingdom of Thailand. To achieve and reinforce these objectives, we agree to the following steps to ensure the full and effective implementation of the ceasefire, and restoration of peace, security, and stability in the border areas:
Implement military de-escalation under the observation and verification of the AOT, to include the removal of heavy and destructive weapons and equipment from the border and returning them back to their respective normal military installations. In this context, both sides will designate their respective teams to discuss — with a view to finalizing — a practical and step-by-step action plan which will be under the observation of the Interim Observer Team, and subsequently the AOT once it is established pursuant to the TOR.
Refrain from disseminating or promoting false information, accusations, allegations, and harmful rhetoric, whether through official government channels or unofficial platforms, in order to de-escalate tensions, mitigate negative public sentiment, and foster an environment conducive to peaceful dialogue.
Agree to the full and immediate implementation of confidence-building measures to restore and maintain confidence, mutual trust, and peace along the border; to resolve differences peacefully, in the spirit of good neighborliness, friendship, and solidarity; and to work towards the restoration of diplomatic relations between the two countries.
Coordinate and implement humanitarian de-mining in the border areas, as agreed by the General Border Committee — without prejudice to the survey and demarcation of land boundary between both countries — to protect civilian lives and contribute to socio-economic development.
Reaffirm our commitment to the settlement of border dispute and border demarcation through peaceful means and international law, refraining from the threat or use of force or any acts of provocation, and recognize the Regional Border Committee, General Border Committee, and Joint Boundary Commission (JBC) as the bilateral mechanisms to work through border-related issues through peaceful means, in accordance with their respective mandates, in coordination with local governors, to peacefully manage the situation on the ground, including the issues of alleged encroachment by either side in accordance with the outcome of the discussion under the JBC, and the cessation of all activities which expand the scope of the disputes and further escalate tensions.
Upon effective implementation of above-mentioned measures, both sides will recognize the cessation of active hostilities. Further, as a demonstration of Thailand’s desire to promote mutual confidence and trust, Thailand undertakes to promptly release the prisoners of war.
We agree to enhance cooperation, information sharing, and strategic communications efforts, and strengthen border controls to prevent and suppress transnational crimes that impact both our citizens and the wider international community.
We acknowledge the need to chart a course for a bright future not bound by conflicts of the past. Both Governments reaffirm the commitment to peacefully resolve disputes in full respect for international laws and existing treaties and agreements. The conditions have been created for our nations to look forward and embark on building neighborly relations in keeping with the letter and spirit of the United Nations Charter and principles enshrined in the ASEAN Charter on peaceful conflict resolution, paving the way for a new chapter of peace and cooperation between our two nations.
We express our confidence that this meeting, in the presence of and supported by President Donald J. Trump of the United States of America and Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim of Malaysia, is a strong foundation for mutual respect and the advancement of peace in the region. We note with deep appreciation President Donald J. Trump’s significant contributions to advancing the restoration of productive bilateral relations between the Kingdom of Cambodia and the Kingdom of Thailand.
Signed at Kuala Lumpur on October 26, 2025, in quadruplicate, in the English language.
Hun Manet Anutin Charnvirakul
Prime Minister of the Kingdom Prime Minister of the Kingdom
of Cambodia of Thailand
Witnessed by: Witnessed by:
Anwar Ibrahim Donald J. Trump
Prime Minister of Malaysia President of the United Briefings & Statements
JOINT STATEMENT ON A UNITED STATES-VIET NAM FRAMEWORK FOR AN AGREEMENT ON RECIPROCAL, FAIR, AND BALANCED TRADE
The White House
October 26, 2025
The United States of America (the United States) and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam (Viet Nam) have agreed to a Framework for an Agreement on Reciprocal, Fair, and Balanced Trade to strengthen our bilateral economic relationship, which will provide both countries’ exporters unprecedented access to each other’s markets. The Agreement on Reciprocal, Fair, and Balanced Trade will build upon our longstanding economic relationship, including the U.S.-Viet Nam Bilateral Trade Agreement signed in 2000 that entered into force in 2001.
Key terms of the Agreement on Reciprocal, Fair, and Balanced Trade between the United States and Viet Nam will include:
Viet Nam will provide preferential market access for substantially all U.S. industrial and agricultural exports to Viet Nam.
The United States will maintain at 20 percent the reciprocal tariffs, as set forth in Executive Order 14257 of April 2, 2025, as amended, on originating goods of Viet Nam, and will also identify products from the list set out in Annex III to Executive Order 14346 of September 5, 2025, Potential Tariff Adjustments for Aligned Partners, to receive a zero percent reciprocal tariff rate.
The United States and Viet Nam will work constructively in an effort to address both countries’ interests in non-tariff barriers that affect bilateral trade in priority areas.
Viet Nam has agreed to address many such barriers including, for example, by accepting vehicles built to U.S. motor vehicle safety and emissions standards; addressing import licenses for U.S. medical devices; streamlining regulatory requirements and approvals for U.S. pharmaceutical products; fully implementing Viet Nam’s obligations under certain international intellectual property treaties to which it is a Party; and addressing U.S. concerns with conformity assessment procedures.
The United States and Viet Nam have committed to address and prevent barriers to U.S. agricultural products in the Vietnamese market, including with regard to U.S. regulatory oversight and acceptance of currently agreed certificates issued by U.S. regulatory authorities.
The United States and Viet Nam will finalize commitments on digital trade, and services and investment
The United States and Viet Nam will engage to address intellectual property, labor, environment, customs and trade facilitation, good regulatory practices, and any distortionary behaviors of state-owned enterprises.
The United States and Viet Nam are committed to strengthening cooperation towards our shared goals to enhance supply chain resilience, including addressing duty evasion and cooperating on export controls.
In addition, the United States and Viet Nam take note of recent commercial deals between U.S. and Vietnamese companies in the areas of agriculture, aerospace, and energy.
Vietnam Airlines has agreed to purchase 50 aircraft from Boeing which is worth over $8 billion.
Vietnamese companies have signed twenty memorandums of understanding with U.S. companies to purchase U.S. agricultural commodities, with a total estimated value of over $2.9 billion.
In the coming weeks, the United States and Viet Nam will work to finalize the Agreement on Reciprocal, Fair, and Balanced Trade, prepare the Agreement for signature, and undertake domestic formalities in advance of the Agreement entering into force.
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Briefings & Statements
MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE KINGDOM OF THAILAND CONCERNING COOPERATION TO DIVERSIFY GLOBAL CRITICAL MINERALS SUPPLY CHAINS AND PROMOTE INVESTMENTS
The White House
October 26, 2025
MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
between the
GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
and the
GOVERNMENT OF THE KINGDOM OF THAILAND
Concerning
COOPERATION TO DIVERSIFY GLOBAL CRITICAL MINERALS
SUPPLY CHAINS AND PROMOTE INVESTMENTS
MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE KINGDOM OF THAILAND CONCERNING COOPERATION TO DIVERSIFY GLOBAL CRITICAL MINERALS SUPPLY CHAINS AND PROMOTE INVESTMENTS
The Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand (hereinafter referred to as “the Participants”),
SEEKING to cooperate in strengthening critical minerals resource sector governance, promoting partnerships between U.S. and Thai companies, and promoting trade and investment between the Participants to expand Thailand’s integration into secure and reliable global supply chains;
CONSIDERING the extensive and productive history of trade and investment between the Participants, as well as the importance of promoting trade and investment for economic growth and development;
RECOGNIZING the importance of secure, diversified, liquid, and fair markets for critical minerals supply chains with respect to supporting exploration, extraction, processing, optimized end-use applications, recovery, and recycling;
ADDITIONALLY RECOGNIZING the desire to deepen cooperation between the Participants to benefit mutual economic and resource security;
EMPHASIZING the importance of promoting extraction, processing, and recycling opportunities that adhere to the highest international standards;
NOTING the technical, regulatory, policy, operational, and sector management expertise and unique experiences in mineral resources that both countries possess;
DESIRING to strengthen trade and investment in critical minerals supply chains between the Participants, to ensure secure and reliable global critical mineral supplies, to enable technology transfer, and to promote research, development, and deployment of innovative technologies; and
BELIEVING that cooperation between the Participants would serve their common interest in ensuring stable investment conditions for domestic and foreign investment, increasing the resilience and sustainability of critical mineral supply chains in their respective countries, and encouraging partnerships among the business sectors of both countries in the exploration, development, processing, and end use of critical minerals;
have reached the following understandings:
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this Memorandum of Understanding is to strengthen cooperation between the Participants on critical minerals supply chains development and expansion; to promote trade and investment between the Participants in critical mineral resource exploration, extraction, processing and refining, and recycling and recovery; to encourage investment that supports domestic value addition and processing industries rather than solely exporting raw materials; and to support the transition to open, efficient, secure, and transparent critical minerals and rare earths markets to improve the strength, security, and prosperity of critical minerals and rare earths supply chains in the United States and Thailand.
AREAS OF COOPERATION
1. The Participants intend to share information, knowledge, and technical expertise on international best practices to increase the competitiveness of Thailand’s critical minerals sector; assist Thailand in analyzing the extent of its critical mineral resource base; and coordinate, as appropriate, regarding priority projects that advance secure, resilient, and responsible critical minerals supply chains. While each Participant may determine if a project is suitable for investment, subject to existing agreements between Participants, Participants expect to have first opportunity to invest, in accordance with domestic laws, in critical minerals assets that may be sold in Thailand or by a company headquartered or incorporated in Thailand. Investment projects will include provisions for technology transfer, capacity building, and training of domestic personnel. Cooperation should prioritize development of domestic processing industries and value chains.
2. Mechanisms for cooperation may include: meetings between Participants’ government officers; workshops, seminars, joint geoscience work, information exchanges, and other mechanisms on topics of mutual interest; meetings and information exchanges with the private sector, universities, and other stakeholders; and capacity-building activities.
3. Areas of cooperation may include topics relating to good regulatory practices, such as taking measures to streamline permitting processes; investment issues; and cooperation between national governments and provinces, states, or other sub-national government entities. Further, the Participants will work in good faith to develop new or strengthen existing authorities that review and deter certain critical minerals and rare earths asset sales on national security grounds.
4. The Participants intend to provide information to each other regarding potential tenders and projects at the earliest practicable moment, and in any case no later than such information is provided to other potential investors, so as to enable the Participants to disseminate this information to their companies and partners with sufficient time for the recipients to participate in such tenders and projects.
5. The Participants will coordinate to protect their respective domestic critical minerals and rare earths markets on the basis of market-oriented policy and fair-trade practices, by establishing high standard marketplaces in which those who meet those high standards can trade preferentially and within a pricing framework including price floors or similar measures.
IMPLEMENTATION AND INFORMATION SHARING
The Participants intend to meet in-person or virtually at the working level on a regular basis to discuss critical minerals supply chain trade and investment opportunities or may meet, as mutually determined by the Participants, on an ad hoc basis if a time-sensitive matter arises. Each Participant intends to determine independently if a project discussed during the quarterly meeting is suitable for further engagement.
COMMENCEMENT AND DISCONTINUATION
1. This Memorandum of Understanding is intended to become operative upon the date of its signature by both Participants.
2. All cooperation under this Memorandum of Understanding is subject to the availability of funds. This Memorandum of Understanding does not represent an obligation of funds. Each Participant intends to conduct the activities provided for under this Memorandum of Understanding in accordance with its applicable laws and regulations.
3. This Memorandum of Understanding is not intended to be legally binding under international law nor to affect any existing agreements between the Participants.
4. Either Participant may discontinue cooperation under this Memorandum of Understanding at any time and should provide written notice of such discontinuance to the other Participant via diplomatic note.
5. Discontinuation is not intended to affect the implementation of ongoing activities facilitated under this Memorandum of Understanding prior to discontinuation.
Signed at Kuala Lumpur on October 26, 2025, in duplicate, in the English language.
For the Government of the For the Government of the
United States of America: Kingdom of Thailand:
Donald J. Trump Anutin Charnvirakul
President Prime Minister
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Briefings & Statements
JOINT STATEMENT ON A FRAMEWORK FOR A UNITED STATES-THAILAND AGREEMENT ON RECIPROCAL TRADE
The White House
October 26, 2025
The United States of America (“the United States”) and the Kingdom of Thailand (“Thailand”) have agreed to a Framework for an Agreement on Reciprocal Trade to strengthen our bilateral economic relationship, which will provide both countries’ exporters unprecedented access to each other’s markets. The Agreement on Reciprocal Trade will build upon our longstanding economic relationship, including the U.S.-Thailand Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations, signed in 1966, and the U.S.-Thailand Trade and Investment Framework Agreement, signed in 2002.
Key terms of the Agreement on Reciprocal Trade between the United States and Thailand will include:
Thailand will eliminate tariff barriers on approximately 99 percent of goods, covering a full range of U.S. industrial and food and agricultural products.
The United States will maintain at 19 percent the reciprocal tariffs, as set forth in Executive Order 14257 of April 2, 2025, as amended, on originating goods of Thailand, and will identify products from the list set out in Annex III to Executive Order 14346 of September 5, 2025, Potential Tariff Adjustments for Aligned Partners, to receive a zero percent reciprocal tariff rate.
The United States and Thailand will work together to address Thailand’s non-tariff barriers that affect bilateral trade. Thailand commits to address barriers to U.S. exports, including by: accepting U.S. manufactured vehicles manufactured to comply with U.S. federal motor vehicle safety and emissions standards; accepting U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) certificates and prior marketing authorizations for medical devices and pharmaceuticals as sufficient to meet Thailand’s requirements; issuing import permits for U.S. ethanol for fuel; amending its customs laws to remove the customs reward system related to customs breaches and penalties; and adopting and implementing good regulatory practices.
Thailand will address and prevent barriers to U.S. food and agricultural products in the Thai market, including expediting access for U.S. Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)-certified meat and poultry products. Thailand will additionally address trade irritants and ensure requirements imposed on U.S. horticultural products, including for distiller dried grains with solubles, are science- and risk-based. Thailand commits to accept currently agreed certificates issued by U.S. regulatory authorities.
The United States and Thailand will finalize commitments related to protecting internationally recognized labor rights, including by working to amend its law to ensure that workers’ rights to freedom of association and collective bargaining are fully protected; and strengthen enforcement of its labor laws, including by addressing violations in sectors with a high-risk for forced labor and child labor.
Thailand commits to adopt and maintain high levels of environmental protection and to effectively enforce its environmental laws, including by: taking measures to combat trade in illegally harvested forest products; encouraging a more resource efficient economy; accepting and fully implementing the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies; and combating illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing and illegal wildlife trade.
The United States and Thailand will finalize commitments on intellectual property, including on geographical indications. Thailand commits to resolve long-standing intellectual property issues, including regarding enforcement against trademark counterfeiting and copyright piracy, rogue collective management organizations, circumvention of technological protection measures, and the patent backlog.
The United States and Thailand will finalize commitments by Thailand to address barriers impacting digital trade, services, and investment. Thailand commits to refrain from imposing digital services taxes or measures that discriminate against U.S. digital services or digital products; to ensure the free transfer of data across trusted borders for the conduct of business; to support a permanent moratorium on customs duties on electronic transmissions at the WTO; to refrain from imposing screen quotas for film; to ease foreign ownership restrictions for U.S. investment in Thailand’s telecommunications sector; and to remove in-country processing requirements for all domestic retail electronic payment transactions for debit cards issued in Thailand.
The United States and Thailand will finalize commitments to address distortionary behaviors of state-owned enterprises.
The United States and Thailand will strengthen economic and national security cooperation to enhance supply chain resilience and innovation through complementary actions to address unfair trade practices of third parties, and cooperate on export controls, investment security, and combatting duty evasion.
In addition, the United States and Thailand take note of the forthcoming commercial deals between U.S. and Thai companies in the agriculture, energy, and aviation sectors, including:
Purchases of agriculture products, including feed corn, soybean meal, and dried distiller grains with solubles with an estimated value of $2.6 billion per year;
Purchases of energy products, including liquefied natural gas, crude oil, and ethane, with an estimated value of $5.4 billion per year; and
Procurement of 80 U.S. aircraft, totaling $18.8 billion.
In the coming weeks, the United States and Thailand will negotiate and finalize the Agreement on Reciprocal Trade, prepare the Agreement for signature, and undertake domestic formalities in advance of the Agreement entering into force.
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Joint Statement on United States-Cambodia Agreement on Reciprocal Trade
Briefings & Statements October 26, 2025
Briefings & Statements
JOINT STATEMENT ON UNITED STATES-CAMBODIA AGREEMENT ON RECIPROCAL TRADE
The White House
October 26, 2025
The United States of America (the United States) and the Kingdom of Cambodia (Cambodia) have reached an Agreement on Reciprocal Trade to strengthen our bilateral economic relationship, which will provide both countries’ exporters unprecedented access to each other’s markets. The Agreement on Reciprocal Trade will build upon our longstanding economic relationship, including the U.S.-Cambodia Trade and Investment Framework Agreement signed in 2006.
Key terms of the Agreement on Reciprocal Trade (the Agreement) between the United States and Cambodia include:
Cambodia commits to eliminate tariffs on 100 percent of U.S. industrial goods and U.S. food and agricultural products exported to Cambodia and has already implemented this commitment.
The United States commits to maintain at 19 percent the reciprocal tariffs, as set forth in Executive Order 14257 of April 2, 2025, as amended, on originating goods of Cambodia, and identifies products from the list set out in Annex III to Executive Order 14346 of September 5, 2025, Potential Tariff Adjustments for Aligned Partners, to receive a zero percent reciprocal tariff rate.
The United States and Cambodia commit to address Cambodia’s non-tariff barriers that affect bilateral trade in priority areas, including addressing import licensing; streamlining regulatory requirements and approvals; recognizing U.S. sanitary and phytosanitary measures and other measures for food and agricultural products; and increasing enforcement against notorious markets for counterfeiting and piracy.
The United States and Cambodia commit to address and prevent barriers to U.S. agricultural products in the Cambodian market, including with regard to U.S. regulatory oversight and acceptance of currently agreed certificates issued by U.S. regulatory authorities.
Cambodia commits to protecting internationally recognized labor rights. Cambodia will adopt and implement a prohibition on the importation of goods produced by forced or compulsory labor and strengthen enforcement of its labor laws.
Cambodia commits to adopt and maintain high levels of environmental protection and to effectively enforce its environmental laws, including by taking measures to address illegal logging, fisheries subsidies, illegal fishing, and illegal wildlife trade.
The Agreement includes commitments on digital trade, services, investment, intellectual property, customs and trade facilitation, good regulatory practices, and distortionary behaviors of state-owned enterprises.
The United States and Cambodia commit to strengthening economic and national security cooperation and to enhancing supply chain resilience and innovation through complementary actions to address duty evasion and cooperating on investment security and export controls.
In addition, the United States and Cambodia take note of the forthcoming commercial deal between U.S. and Cambodian companies:
Air Cambodia commits to working jointly with Boeing in support of Cambodia’s aviation ecosystem development and Air Cambodia’s growth.
The United States may positively consider the effect that the Agreement has on national security, including taking the Agreement into consideration when taking trade action under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended (19 U.S.C. 1862).
In the coming weeks, the United States and Cambodia will undertake domestic formalities in advance of the Agreement entering into force.
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Briefings & Statements
MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA CONCERNING COOPERATION TO DIVERSIFY GLOBAL CRITICAL MINERALS SUPPLY CHAINS AND PROMOTE INVESTMENTS
The White House
October 26, 2025
The Government of the United States of America and the Government of Malaysia (hereinafter referred to as “the Participants”),
SEEKING to cooperate in strengthening critical minerals resource sector governance, promoting partnerships between United States and Malaysian companies, and promoting trade with and investment between the United States and Malaysia to expand Malaysia’s integration into secure and reliable global supply chains;
CONSIDERING the extensive and productive history of trade and investment between the Participants, as well as the importance of promoting trade and investment for economic growth and development;
RECOGNIZING the importance of critical mineral supply chains with respect to supporting exploration, extraction, processing, manufacturing, optimized end-use applications, recovery, and recycling;
ADDITIONALLY RECOGNIZING the desire to deepen cooperation between the United States and Malaysia to benefit mutual economic and resource security;
EMPHASIZING the importance of promoting extraction, processing, and recycling opportunities that adhere to the highest international standards;
NOTING the technical, regulatory, policy, operational, and sector management expertise and unique experiences in mineral resources that both countries possess;
DESIRING to strengthen trade and investment in critical minerals supply chains between the Participants, to ensure secure and reliable global critical mineral supplies, to enable technology transfer, and to promote research, development, and deployment of innovative technologies; and
BELIEVING that cooperation between the Participants would serve their common interests in ensuring stable investment conditions for domestic and foreign investment, increasing the resilience and sustainability of critical mineral supply chains in their respective countries, and encouraging partnerships among the business sectors of both countries in the exploration, development, processing, manufacturing, and end use of critical minerals;
have reached the following understandings:
OBJECTIVE
1. The purpose of this Memorandum of Understanding is to strengthen cooperation between the Participants on critical minerals supply chains development and expansion; to promote trade and investment between the Participants in critical mineral resource exploration, extraction, processing and refining, manufacturing, and recycling and recovery; and to support the transition to efficient and secure critical mineral and rare earths markets to improve the security and prosperity of critical minerals and rare earths supply chains in the United States and Malaysia.
AREAS OF COOPERATION
1. The Participants intend to share relevant information, knowledge, and technical expertise on international best practices to increase the competitiveness of Malaysia’s critical minerals sector and coordinate support for bilateral projects that advance secure, resilient, and responsible critical mineral supply chains. Each Participant may determine if a project is suitable for investment. Participants will work in good faith to prioritize investment from the United States in critical minerals assets that may be sold in Malaysia or by a company headquartered or incorporated in Malaysia.
2. Mechanisms for cooperation may include: meetings between Participants’ government officers; workshops, seminars, joint geoscience work, information exchanges, and other mechanisms on topics of mutual interest; meetings, and workshops and seminars with the private sector, universities, and other stakeholders; and capacity-building activities.
3. Areas of cooperation may include topics relating to good regulatory practices, such as taking measures to streamline permitting processes; fair and equitable treatment of investors; and project sustainability. Further, the Participants commit to work in good faith to strengthen the review on critical minerals tools and rare earth asset sales as determined by the respective parties’ authority/government.
4. The Participants will coordinate to protect their respective domestic critical minerals and rare earths markets from non-market policies and unfair trade practices, by establishing high standard marketplaces in which those who meet those high standards can trade freely, protected by a pricing framework that includes price floors or similar measures.
IMPLEMENTATION AND INFORMATION SHARING
1. The Participants intend to meet in-person or virtually at the working level on a quarterly basis to discuss critical minerals supply chain trade and investment opportunities or may meet, as mutually determined by the Participants, on an ad hoc basis if a time-sensitive matter arises. Each Participant intends to determine independently if a project discussed during the quarterly meeting is suitable for further engagement.
COMMENCEMENT AND DISCONTINUATION
1. This Memorandum of Understanding is intended to commence upon signature by both Participants.
2. All cooperation under this Memorandum of Understanding is subject to the availability of funds. This Memorandum of Understanding does not represent an obligation of funds. Each Participant intends to conduct the activities provided for under this Memorandum of Understanding in accordance with its applicable laws and regulations.
3. This Memorandum of Understanding is not intended to be legally binding nor to affect any existing agreements between the Participants.
4. Either Participant may discontinue cooperation under this Memorandum of Understanding at any time and shall provide written notice of such discontinuance to the other Participant via diplomatic note.
5. Discontinuation is not intended to affect the implementation of ongoing activities facilitated under this Memorandum of Understanding prior to discontinuation.
Signed at Kuala Lumpur, on the 26th of October 2025, in duplicate, in the English language.
For the Government of the For the Government of Malaysia:
United States of America:
Donald. J. Trump Anwar Ibrahim
President Prime Minister
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