Friday, June 13, 2025

The New York Times Updated June 13, 2025, 4:58 a.m. ET6 minutes ago - Live Updates: Israeli Strikes Wipe Out Iran’s Top Military Chain of Command

 

Live Updates: Israeli Strikes Wipe Out Iran’s Top Military Chain of Command

Israel attacked bases and nuclear sites across Iran multiple times. Iran vowed a harsh response, and launched at least 100 drones in an initial wave.

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Here’s the latest.

Israel launched a stunning series of strikes on Friday morning against Iran’s nuclear program, killing three of the nation’s security chiefs. The wide-ranging attack prompted fears that long-simmering tensions between the heavily armed rivals were spiraling into a full-blown regional war.

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel described the attack as a last resort to prevent a nuclear-armed Iran, which Israel views as an existential threat. In addition to Iran’s nuclear program, Israel targeted and killed top Iranian officials and nuclear scientists, as well as attacking long-range missile facilities and aerial defenses.

Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, said in a statement that Israel “should anticipate a harsh punishment.” Later on Friday morning, the Israeli military announced that Iranian forces had fired about 100 drones at Israel, as Mr. Netanyahu vowed the fighting would last “as many days as it takes.”

Mr. Netanyahu had threatened an attack on Iran’s nuclear program for years, but the scale of the strikes overnight stunned Iranians and Israelis alike. More than 200 Israeli fighter jets took part in the attack, which targeted over 100 sites, including a major Iranian nuclear enrichment center at Natanz.

The strikes were also a major blow to Iran’s military chain of command. Mohammad Bagheri, the commander in chief of the military and the second-highest commander after the supreme leader, was killed, according to the Israeli military and Iranian media.

Residents of Tehran, the Iranian capital, reported hearing huge explosions, and Iranian state television broadcast images of smoke and fire billowing from buildings.

Israel’s surprise attack came while the United States, its main patron, was negotiating a new diplomatic pact with Iran to curb its nuclear ambitions. Washington said it was not directly involved in the strikes.

President Trump said to Fox News that he had been informed of Israel’s plans and that the U.S. and Iran would “hopefully” return to negotiations.

  • Nuclear crown jewel: Israel said Iran’s main nuclear enrichment facility at Natanz was among the targets. Rafael Grossi, the chief of the International Atomic Energy Agency, said that Iran had informed him that there was no increase in radiation levels at Natanz. Another nuclear site, at Isfahan, “has not been impacted,” Mr. Grossi said.

  • Trump hopes: President Trump had urged Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel to refrain from any strikes while negotiations were underway with Iran. While Steve Witkoff, Mr. Trump’s Middle East envoy, still intends to participate in talks in Oman on Sunday, Iran said it will not participate.

  • Threats to U.S. facilities: This week, the United States withdrew diplomats from Iraq, Iran’s neighbor to the west, and authorized the voluntary departure of the family members of U.S. military personnel from the Middle East. The U.S. military has a large fleet of warplanes, naval vessels and thousands of troops stationed in the region.

  • Oil prices rise: Crude oil prices jumped sharply following the Israeli attack, with Brent crude jumping 9 percent to $78 a barrel.

Farnaz Fassihi

Residents of Tehran awake to devastation.

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Israeli airstrikes hitting a building in Saadat Abad street in Tehran, Iran on Friday.Credit...Arash Khamooshi for The New York Times

Residents of Tehran weathered a night of terror and shock, reeling from explosions across the Iranian capital and from the news that senior military commanders and top-security nuclear and military bases had been attacked by Israeli fighter jets.

Long lines were forming at gas stations and grocery stores were filling up as Iranians prepared for uncertain times. As of Friday morning, the government had not given a complete tally of casualties and only said that a number of civilians had been killed, including children. Dozens were injured.

Israeli strikes targeted Natanz, the major nuclear facility near the city of Isfahan; the Parchin military base near Karaj. At least a dozen military bases, missile depots and nuclear and military research centers in multiple cities across Iran were hit.

Israel also struck residential buildings in densely populated neighborhoods of Tehran, in affluent, middle-class and working-class neighborhoods, according to witnesses, videos, photos and Iranian state media.

Iranian officials had dismissed the warning signs that Israel was planning to strike nuclear sites as propaganda and a media frenzy aimed at pressuring Tehran into concessions in talks with the United States over curbing its nuclear activities.

The government advised people to stay calm. But there was no sign of any measures to provide shelter and no guidance to the public on safety if more attacks were to come.

Fatemeh Hassani, a Tehran resident who lives in the affluent neighborhood of Pasdaran, said she and her husband and children were startled awake by an extremely loud boom, followed by another, and then another. Only when she checked her phone to see whether it was a thunderstorm did she learn that it was an attack.

Ms. Hassani said she huddled with her children away from the windows.

Across the city, Mohammad Jamali, standing on a roof near Chitgar Lake, said he could see jets approaching a military base and then a large fire and smoke billowing in the air.

Sara, a 52-year-old mother of two in Tehran, said it was a very scary night.

“We woke up with our house shaking from the explosions, and it hasn’t stopped,” said Sara, who asked to be identified by her first name only.

Mehdi, a resident in the Sadaat Abaad neighborhood, where an apartment building had collapsed, said neighbors had spilled into the streets with children in their pajamas clinging to their parents, looking dazed.

When dawn broke, the attacks had not stopped. But residents and local journalists in Tehran were in the streets anyway, taking stock of the damage.

State television reporters did live broadcasts from targeted neighborhoods. Some apartment buildings were shown half standing, and in one instance, an entire floor was blown out. In another, the roof of several buildings had pancaked and debris, shredded glass and mangled metal covered the streets.

Ali, a 42-year-old businessman who has a toddler and lives in a high-rise in northern Tehran, said in a telephone interview that he and his wife were rattled by the attacks on residential buildings, including one in their neighborhood. He was considering leaving the city for the countryside for a few days.

Some called for revenge.

At the Jamkaran mosque in the city of Qom, a crowd of government supporters gathered early Friday chanting, “Death to Israel,” and “Death to America,” according to state media.

The attack on the Natanz nuclear site closed down a major highway connecting Tehran to Isfahan, state media reported. The cities are roughly 200 miles apart.

Some Iranians feared the country was heading into an all-out war. And with air defenses taken out and military commanders killed, they wondered how the country could sustain a prolonged conflict.

Where Israel attacked Iran

By Martín González Gómez and Julie Walton Shaver

David Pierson

Lin Jian, a spokesman for China’s Foreign Ministry, said on Friday that Beijing is “deeply concerned” about Israel’s strike on Iran and opposed the “violating” of “Iran’s sovereignty, security and territorial integrity.” He called on all parties to avoid escalating tensions and said China would play “a constructive role in promoting the easing of the situation.”

Qasim Nauman

Jordan’s military said it had intercepted a number of missiles and drones that entered the country’s airspace on Friday morning. It said it had assessed that the missiles and drones were likely to fall in Jordanian territory, including populated areas. The statement from the military did not specify where the drones and missiles came from.

Aaron Boxerman

Reporting from Jerusalem

The Israeli military has begun intercepting the retaliatory wave of drones fired by Iran outside of Israeli territory, said a military official, who spoke on condition of anonymity to comply with protocol.

Johnatan Reiss

Leaders of Israel’s major opposition parties — including bitter critics of Prime Minister Netanyahu — struck notes of unity over the attack on Iran. “Israel executed a first-rate strategic operation tonight. In this historic hour, we stand united behind the defense establishment, and I want to send strength to the political leadership,” wrote Benny Gantz, a major Netanyahu rival.

Neil MacFarquhar

The attack rippled through transportation links throughout the region. The airspace over Iran, Iraq, Jordan and Israel was largely clear of airplanes, with flights to and from the Persian Gulf heavily concentrated across northern Saudi Arabia, according to data visible on Flightradar24. Emirates Airlines announced on its website that it was cancelling all flights serving Iran, Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon.

Qasim Nauman

Iran’s Isfahan nuclear site and Fordow fuel enrichment plant have not been affected, Rafael Grossi, the International Atomic Energy Agency’s chief, said in a statement, citing updates from the Iranian authorities.

Qasim Nauman

Prime Minister Keir Starmer of Britain said his government was engaging with its partners to de-escalate the situation. “We urge all parties to step back and reduce tensions urgently,” he said in a statement. “This is a dangerous moment,” Britain’s foreign secretary, David Lammy, said in a separate statement, urging restraint by both sides.

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Credit...Henry Nicholls/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
Farnaz Fassihi

Iran announces on state television it will not participate in nuclear negotiations with the United States on Sunday and until further notice.

Qasim Nauman

The commander in chief of Iran’s military, Mohammad Bagheri, was killed during the Israeli strikes on Friday morning, Iran’s state news agency IRNA reported. Bagheri was Iran’s second highest commander after Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. His death was earlier reported by semi-official Iranian media.

Francesca Regalado

These are the top Iranian generals and scientists killed by Israel.

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A man in a military uniform, with sunglasses on, speaks into a microphone.
Maj. Gen. Mohammad Hossein Bagheri speaks during a military parade in 2022.Credit...Vahid Salemi/Associated Press

Israel launched a series of strikes on Tehran on Friday morning, dealing a major blow to Iran’s chain of command by killing its top three generals, according to Iranian state media and officials.

The Israeli military confirmed the deaths of the three Iranian commanders.

Two scientists who played leading roles in Iran’s nuclear development were also assassinated on Friday, according to Iranian state media.

Iranian Military Generals

  • Maj. Gen. Mohammad Bagheri, chief of staff of the armed forces and the second-highest commander after Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.

  • Gen. Hossein Salami, commander in chief of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps, Iran’s primary military force.

  • Gen. Gholamali Rashid, deputy commander in chief of the armed forces.

Nuclear Scientists

  • Fereydoun Abbasi, the former head of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran.

  • Mohammad Mehdi Tehranchi, a theoretical physicist and president of the Islamic Azad University in Tehran.

Qasim Nauman

Iran has informed the International Atomic Energy Agency that there has been no increase in radiation levels at the Natanz nuclear site, and that the Bushehr nuclear power plant has not been targeted, Rafael Grossi, the organization’s chief, said in a statement.

Aaron Boxerman

Reporting from Jerusalem

The Israeli military says 200 warplanes participated in the overnight attack in Iran, dropping hundreds of bombs across the country and striking over 100 targets. The attack on Tehran was the biggest since the Iran-Iraq war decades ago.

Aaron Boxerman

Reporting from Jerusalem

Israel also said that it had killed the top military leadership of Iran, confirming reports from Iran state media and officials. Among those killed were Mohammad Bagheri, the Iranian chief of staff and Hossein Salami, the head of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps.

Adam Rasgon

Reporting from Jerusalem

It appears that Iran has launched its first wave of response. Brig. Gen. Effie Defrin, the Israeli military’s chief spokesman, said Iran launched more than 100 drones toward Israel in the past few hours.

Francesca Regalado

President Trump told Fox News anchor Bret Baier that he had prior knowledge of Israel’s plans to target top Iranian leaders. Baier said he spoke with Trump shortly after Israel struck Tehran.

“Iran cannot have a nuclear bomb. We’ll hopefully get back to the negotiating table,” Trump said, according to Baier. “There are several people in leadership in Iran who will not be coming back.”

Rawan Sheikh Ahmad

Jordan’s Civil Aviation Regulatory Commission announced the temporary closure of the country’s airspace, citing potential risks from the ongoing escalation in the region.

Rawan Sheikh Ahmad

Saudi Arabia’s Foreign Ministry condemned the Israeli attack on Iranian soil, adding it was “a blatant violation of international laws and norms.”

Isabel Kershner

Reporting from Jerusalem

As morning broke in Israel, the streets, normally bustling on a Friday with shoppers preparing for the Sabbath, were eerily quiet. Expecting an Iranian counterattack, possibly in the coming hours, some people had headed out before dawn to stock up on food from 24-hour groceries and lined up at gas stations. But many others were confused about how to proceed, having been told by officials to remain close to protected areas and bomb shelters and to leave home only to buy essential items.

Qasim Nauman

Despite the Trump administration saying the Israeli strikes were unilateral and without American involvement, Iran’s foreign ministry said the attack could not have happened without “coordination and authorization” from the United States. The ministry said the United States, as Israel’s main supporter, would also be responsible for the consequences.

Adam Rasgon

Reporting from Jerusalem

Steve Witkoff, President Trump’s Middle East envoy, still intends to participate in talks in Oman on Sunday with Iranian officials, according to a person familiar with the matter, who spoke on condition of anonymity to discuss sensitive diplomacy.

It was unclear whether Iran planned to send its officials to Oman this weekend.

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Credit...Doug Mills/The New York Times
Qasim Nauman

Oman, which has been mediating the nuclear talks between the United States and Iran, said the Israeli strikes are “dangerous and reckless,” and a threat to the ongoing efforts to find a diplomatic solution. Oman was set to host a meeting between Steve Witkoff, President Trump’s special envoy to the Middle East, and Iran’s foreign minister on Sunday. It is unclear if that meeting will happen now.

Aaron Boxerman

Reporting from Jerusalem

Benjamin Netanyahu, the Israeli prime minister, said the assault on Iran has been a success. Israelis should prepare to remain for relatively long spans in reinforced bomb shelters when Iran retaliates militarily, he said.

Riley Mellen

Footage posted to Telegram and verified by The Times shows smoke rising from a rural area in Bid Kaneh, Iran. Bid Kaneh hosts several missile development and production sites likely connected to Iran’s Revolutionary Guards, according to Fabian Hinz, an expert with the International Institute for Strategic Studies think tank.

Christiaan Triebert and Riley Mellen

Social media footage verified by The Times show flames and thick black smoke billowing from the Natanz nuclear-enrichment complex shortly after a series of explosions were reported at around 4:18 a.m. local time. Another explosion was reported around 5:56 a.m.

Telegram posts said there were up to 10 blasts at the facility, but it is unclear whether the Israeli strikes hit the main complex or any of the air-defense batteries surrounding it.

Video
Isabel Kershner

Reporting from Jerusalem

Bracing for Iran’s response, some Israeli hospitals said they were moving onto an emergency footing. The Hadassah Medical Center in Jerusalem said it was sending home patients whose condition allowed for that and was canceling all non-essential treatment.

Aaron Boxerman

Reporting from Jerusalem

Israel’s air force has now conducted five waves of strikes across Iran since beginning its operation before dawn on Friday, said an Israeli military official. He briefed reporters on condition of anonymity in accordance with military protocol.

David E. Sanger

White House reporter

Israel’s ambition: Destroy the heart of Iran’s nuclear program.

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A satellite image of a nuclear facility and the surrounding area.
A satellite photo showing the Natanz nuclear facility in Iran.Credit...Planet Labs PBC, via Associated Press

When Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said Thursday evening that Israel had struck “Iran’s main enrichment facility in Natanz,” he was signaling the scope of his country’s ambitions in the largest strike it has ever aimed at Iran: It sought to destroy the beating heart of the Iranian nuclear program.

The Natanz facility is where Iran has produced the vast majority of its nuclear fuel — and, in the past three years, much of the near-bomb-grade fuel that has put the country on the threshold of building nuclear weapons.

There are no reports yet of whether Iran’s other major enrichment site, called Fordow, was targeted as well. It is a much harder target, buried deep under a mountain, deliberately designed to be out of Israel’s reach.

As a result, it may take days, or weeks, to answer one of the most critical questions surrounding the attack of Iran’s facilities: How long has Israel set back the Iranian nuclear program? If the program is delayed only a year or two, it may look as if Israel has taken a huge risk for a fairly short-term delay. And among those risks is not only the possibility of a long-lasting war, but also that Iran will withdraw from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, take its program underground, and race for a weapon — exactly the outcome Mr. Netanyahu was out to prevent.

History suggests such attacks have unpredictable results. Even the most ingenious attack on the program 15 years ago — a cyberassault that put malware into the system, destroying centrifuges — only slowed Iran for a year or two. And when the program came back, it was bigger than ever.

Over nearly 20 years, Israel and the United States have targeted the thousands of centrifuges that spin inside the Natanz facility, in hopes of choking off the key ingredient Iranian scientists needed to build a nuclear arsenal. Together the two countries developed the Stuxnet worm, the cyberweapon intended to make the centrifuges spin out of control. That operation, code named Olympic Games, was born in George W. Bush’s administration and flourished in Barack Obama’s until the operation was exposed.

Then Israel sabotaged buildings that produced critical parts for the centrifuges, and began assassinating scientists key to the operation. But those were temporary setbacks. Iran recovered quickly. And the centrifuges at Natanz continued to spin, until the 2015 nuclear deal with Tehran forced the country to give up 97 percent of its fuel and slow the enrichment at Natanz to a crawl. That agreement also capped the level of enrichment to a level useful for generating nuclear power but not sufficient to make a bomb.

For three years, it seemed like the threat posed by Natanz had been contained. Most American officials believed that while the agreement had not terminated the program, it had contained it. The output of the Natanz plant was minimal.

But then President Trump pulled the United States out of the accord in 2018, calling the deal a disaster. And within a few years, Iran began revving up the facility, and putting new, far more efficient centrifuges in place. It increased enrichment levels to 60 percent purity — just shy of bomb grade. Experts said it would take only a few weeks to further raise the level to 90 percent, commonly used in atomic weapons.

Iran also made other moves that painted an even bigger target on Natanz. Over the past few months, international inspectors have concluded, Iran sped up its enrichment. On Thursday night — Friday morning in Israel — Mr. Netanyahu used its recent progress to argue that Iran now has enough fuel for nine weapons and that the country could “weaponize” that fuel within a year. That accords with what inspectors reported a week ago.

Mr. Netanyahu made the argument in an address to the Israeli people that the intelligence suggested the risk to Israel of not acting was too high. That judgment will be long debated — along with the question of whether the diplomacy that Mr. Trump had underway might have contained Iran’s capability, as the accord a decade ago did.

But it is still too early to know how much damage Israel did. Natanz is not deeply buried, but the centrifuge halls are 50 yards or more beneath the desert, and covered by highly reinforced concrete. The question is whether the centrifuges were destroyed.

Israel’s attacks went beyond the facilities. It also sought to decapitate both the military and nuclear leadership.

For years, Israel targeted top nuclear scientists individually. Some were killed by sticky bombs attached to their car doors. The country’s chief nuclear scientist was killed in a robot-assisted assassination. But some of the strikes Thursday night appeared to wipe out their headquarters and living spaces, part of an apparent effort to kill the personnel en masse.

One mystery still surrounding the attack is whether Israel made any attempt to hit the deepest, most protected facility among its sprawling nuclear complexes: the enrichment center called Fordow. It is on an Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps base, and is deep within a mountain — nearly a half-mile under the surface, according to Rafael Mariano Grossi, the director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency, who has visited the site.

“If you don’t get Fordow,” Brett McGurk, who has served as Middle East coordinator for several American presidents of both parties, “you haven’t eliminated their ability to produce weapons-grade material.”

American officials have said Israel does not have the bunker-busting bombs to get at that facility, where Iran’s most advanced centrifuges have been installed. And if Fordow survives the attacks, then there is a good chance the key technology of the country’s nuclear program will survive with it.

Adam Rasgon

Reporting from Jerusalem

Mohammed Momani, Jordan’s government spokesman, said that the kingdom will not allow its airspace to be violated, according to the state-run Petra news agency.

Jordan is located between Israel and Iran and saw Iranian ballistics missiles fly through its territory toward Israel twice last year during Iranian attacks against Israel.

Farnaz Fassihi

Iranian media report that Maj. Gen. Mohammad Bagheri, the commander in chief of the Armed Forces, and the second highest commander after the supreme leader, has been killed in an Israeli targeted strike. The blow to Iran’s chain of command is significant, Israel has taken out three top ranking senior commanders similar to the operations that took out Hezbollah’s command chain.

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Credit...Atta Kenare/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
Farnaz Fassihi

Two Iranian officials say that a third wave of attacks have started targeting radars and air defense across the country.

Farnaz Fassihi

Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, in a statement read on state television said that Israel “should anticipate a harsh punishment. The strong hand of the Islamic Republic will not let them go,” and added that a number of senior military commanders and nuclear scientists had been killed. Khamenei did not mention the United States in his statement.

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Credit...Arash Khamooshi for The New York Times

The Israeli strikes killed top Iranian commanders and nuclear scientists, Iran says.

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Iranian Armed Forces Chief of Staff Major General Mohammad Bagheri was assassinated in an Israel strike in the Iranian capital of Tehran on Friday.Credit...Atta Kenare/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images

Israel’s strikes on Iran on Friday delivered a seismic blow to Iran’s chain of command, with Iranian officials and media reports saying that at least three of the top generals — including both the overall military commander and the leader of the powerful Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps — had been killed.

Maj. Gen. Mohammad Bagheri, who is the chief of staff of Iran’s armed forces, was the most senior leader among the dead, according to state media. There was no immediate confirmation from the Iranian armed forces. One of General Bagheri’s deputies was also killed.

Israel has a history of successfully assassinating Iranian security officials and nuclear scientists. But it has generally picked them off one by one in covert operations as part of its long shadow war with Iran and in Lebanon or Syria.

The strikes early on Friday proved to be a stunning escalation of that tactic. Not only did they target Iran’s nuclear program and air defenses, the Israeli attacks also eliminated the top tier of military commanders all at once, targeting their residential homes, including some in secure military complexes. In some areas of the capital, Tehran, entire apartment buildings collapsed.

Gen. Hossein Salami, the commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps, was killed in an Israeli strike within Tehran, the Revolutionary Guards said in a statement. General Salami was killed alongside a number of other members of the security body, it said.

Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who is also the commander in chief of all armed forces, said in a statement read on state television said that Israel “should anticipate a harsh punishment. The strong hand of the Islamic Republic will not let them go.” He added that a number of senior military commanders and nuclear scientists had been killed in attacks that included residential targets. “The Zionist regime with this crime has created a dark and painful fate for itself, and it will definitely receive it.” Mr. Khamenei did not mention the United States in his statement.

Iran had not been attacked by a foreign enemy with such sweeping force since 1989 when the country was at war with Iraq. Mr. Khamenei had made averting war a central part of his legacy, taking the country to the brink of conflict several times, including twice with Israel last year, but stopping short of an all-out war.

That calculation appeared to have ended on Thursday night as Iranian officials openly said the country was preparing for war. But that effort is likely to be severely hobbled by the heavy blows to Iran’s chain of command and the air defenses that protect key military, nuclear and strategic sites.

Four Iranian officials said Israel had attacked at least a dozen military bases, missile depots, nuclear and missile bases, in multiple cities in Iran including Tehran, Tabriz, Isfahan, Kermanshah and Arak. Natanz nuclear site was also severely damaged, according to state television, and the damages extended to a major highway connecting Tehran to Isfahan.

“Unfortunately they did what we did not think they would do,” said Mehdi Rahmati, a conservative political analyst in Tehran close to the government in an interview after the attacks. “Iran will be responding very seriously aiming to inflict destruction, we anticipate a period of pingpong attacks that could spread to the region.”

In addition to the military commanders, Ali Shamkhani, a senior former navy commander, and one of Iran’s most influential politicians and a close confidant of Mr. Khamenei was also killed after sustaining severe injuries in an attack on his penthouse apartment in a residential luxury tower in northern Tehran, according to three senior officials and Iranian media reports.

Mr. Shamkhani, former secretary of the Supreme National Council, was overseeing the nuclear talks with the United States as part of a committee named by Mr. Khamenei to direct the negotiations. Killing him, officials said, was targeting efforts at nuclear diplomacy.

At least three other senior Iranian figures were thought to have been killed, according to Iranian state media. They were Gen. Gholamali Rashid, a senior leader in the Iranian armed forces; Mohammad Mehdi Tehranji, an Iranian physicist; and Fereydoun Abbasi, an Iranian nuclear scientist.

As leader of the Guards force, General Salami was responsible for securing Iran’s borders and safeguarding it against any foreign attacks. The Revolutionary Guards spokesman vowed to “respond decisively and harshly to the aggression of the Zionist enemy” and deliver a decisive blow to Israel and the United States following his death.

Robert Jimison

Congressional reporter

A number of Republicans in Washington are issuing stark warnings to leaders in Tehran if U.S. interests are targeted. Senator Lindsey Graham, Republican of South Carolina, said in a social media post that “America should have an overwhelming response,” if American personnel or installations are targeted. Vowing to destroy “all of Iran’s oil refineries and oil infrastructure” with the aim of putting “the ayatollah and his henchmen out of the oil business.”

Keith Bradsher

Reporting from Beijing

Oil prices surge and stock markets tumble after strikes.

Brent crude oil price

Note: Data as of 4:00 a.m. Eastern time Friday

Source: LSEG Data and Analytics

Israel’s military strikes against Iran shook global markets, as oil prices surged and stocks tumbled on worries that the attacks could set off a broader Mideast conflict that would disrupt the world’s energy supplies and stoke inflation.

Prices of Brent crude oil, the international benchmark, jumped on Friday, at one point rising 9 percent to almost $78 a barrel. In early European trading, prices moderated somewhat, to around $73 per barrel, a 5 percent gain. That was still oil’s largest gain this year.

Stock markets fell broadly across Asia on Friday and were mostly lower in Europe. Trading in S&P 500 futures markets indicated that U.S. stocks could decline 1.3 percent when they open in New York. Investors seeking less risky places to put their money bid up the price of gold, and yields on the 10-year U.S. Treasury note, which move inversely to prices, were lower.

Iran is among the world’s largest producers of oil, and it sells almost all of what it produces to China, which consumes 15 percent of the global supply. Sales by Iran’s state oil company to China represent about 6 percent of Iran’s entire economy, and are equal to about half its entire government’s spending.

Iran’s exports have lagged in recent years as international sanctions have limited its ability to modernize its oil extraction and transportation technology.

But Iran’s shipments have begun to recover in the past year on strong demand from China, which would be forced buy oil elsewhere if a broader conflict were to interrupt Iranian supplies. China has a large strategic oil reserve, accumulated through more than a decade of purchases, that could help it withstand weeks of an interruption in imports.

Iran holds a strategic position on the northern side of the Strait of Hormuz, at the exit of the Persian Gulf. That means Iran could block oil and natural gas exports from other Mideast oil producers in retaliation for the Israeli strike. About a third of the world’s seaborne oil shipments pass through the strait.

Meghan L. O’Sullivan, a former U.S. deputy national security adviser specializing in the Mideast, said the United States military has the ability to force a reopening of the Strait of Hormuz, but that could create bigger issues.

“Such action would bring America squarely into the conflict, moving it to greater levels of regional disruption and global uncertainty,” said Ms. O’Sullivan, who is the director of the Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs.

In any case, Iran has strong financial reasons not to close the Strait of Hormuz: Nearly all of its oil exports must pass through it. And much of the oil imported by China, a close partner of Iran, is shipped through the strait.

“If I were Iran, I would think twice before closing the Strait of Hormuz,” said Muyu Xu, senior Asia oil analyst at Kpler, a global commodities and shipping data firm. “If they choke the Strait of Hormuz, they cannot move barrels out.”

The United States in recent years has become far less dependent on oil from the Persian Gulf, because of the rise of fracking and other advanced techniques to extract oil. Europe, along with China, import large quantities of oil from the region.

Iran has long had tense relations with Saudi Arabia, which tilts toward the United States, an ally of Israel. In 2019, Iran and its proxies used drone strikes to destroy oil facilities in Saudi territory.

Saudi Arabia, the third-largest producer of oil after the United States and Russia, has a backup plan in case of a wider conflict. It has built an extensive pipeline system leading south from the coast of the Persian Gulf, where it produces most of its oil, to the Red Sea, where oil could be loaded onto tankers.

Farnaz Fassihi

Nour News reports that Ali Shamkhani has been severely injured in airstrikes on his home and is in a hospital in Tehran. Shamkhani was spearheading nuclear negotiations on behalf of the supreme leader.

Aaron Boxerman

Reporting from Jerusalem

Rafael Grossi, the chief of the International Atomic Energy Agency, confirmed in a statement that the Natanz nuclear site had been targeted in the Israeli attacks. Officials are in contact with Iran regarding radiation levels and with agency inspectors in Iran. He calling the situation in Iran “deeply concerning.”

Qasim Nauman

The United States says it was not involved in the Israeli strikes on Iran.

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Several people are at a hilltop vista looking over a moonlit cityscape.
Iranians gathered on top of a hill watching the billowing smoke in Tehran after sounds of explosions on Friday.Credit...Arash Khamooshi for The New York Times

Secretary of State Marco Rubio said Thursday that the United States had no involvement in Israel’s unilateral strikes on Iran but had been told that Israel considered the attack necessary for its self-defense.

President Trump, who has been pushing for a deal with Iran on its nuclear program, was hosting the annual White House picnic on Thursday evening when reports of the strikes emerged from Tehran.

Despite his expressed hopes for a diplomatic breakthrough, Mr. Trump had also acknowledged on Thursday that Israel might attack first.

In a statement, Mr. Rubio said: “We are not involved in strikes against Iran and our top priority is protecting American forces in the region. Israel advised us that they believe this action was necessary for its self-defense.”

It was not immediately clear how much detail about the strike Israel had provided the United States, its main ally, and how far in advance.

Despite the Trump administration distancing itself from the attacks, its statements and precautionary measures this week have indicated the concern that Iran’s retaliation, which is expected to be swift, could also include American targets in the Middle East.

“Let me be clear: Iran should not target U.S. interests or personnel,” Mr. Rubio said.

On Wednesday, the United States withdrew diplomats from Iraq, Iran’s neighbor to the west, and authorized the voluntary departure of the family members of U.S. military personnel from the Middle East. The U.S. military has a large fleet of warplanes, naval vessels and thousands of troops stationed at its bases in the region, including in Qatar and Bahrain, just around 150 miles across the gulf from Iran.

Iran’s defense minister said this week that if nuclear talks failed and a conflict arose with the United States, his country’s military would target all American bases in the region.

It was unclear what impact Israel’s strikes would have on the ongoing negotiations between the Trump administration and Iran, or on Mr. Trump’s relationship with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel. The president had spoken with the Israeli leader on Monday but did not give any details about the conversation.

In recent weeks, Mr. Trump has said he has urged Israel to hold off on military strikes while the negotiations were taking place. Steve Witkoff, Mr. Trump’s special envoy to the Middle East, was expected to meet Iran’s foreign minister in Oman on Sunday for the next round of talks.

Around the time Israel began to strike Iran, Mr. Trump said he remained committed to a diplomatic resolution.

“My entire Administration has been directed to negotiate with Iran,” he posted on social media around 5 p.m. Eastern time. “They could be a Great Country, but they first must completely give up hopes of obtaining a Nuclear Weapon.”

Farnaz Fassihi

The spokesman of Iran’s Armed Forces, Gen. Shekarchi, said on state television that Israel and the United States will “recieve a forceful slap” and Iran’s Armed Forces are prepared and would be retaliating in force soon with counterstrikes. He said “a retaliation attack is definite, God willingly.”

Robert Jimison

Congressional reporter

Speaker Mike Johnson, the Republican leader of the House, said in a social media post that “Israel IS right—and has a right—to defend itself!” Johnson recently announced plans to travel to Israel later this month and is expected to address a special session of the Knesset in Jerusalem.

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Credit...Anna Rose Layden for The New York Times
Michael Crowley

State Department reporter

“Israel’s attack on Iran, clearly intended to scuttle the Trump administration’s negotiations with Iran, risks a regional war that will likely be catastrophic for America,” Senator Chris Murphy, a Democrat from Connecticut and a leading critic of Trump’s foreign policy, said in a statement.

Ronen Bergman

The targets of the Israeli strike include nuclear facilities, air defense batteries, homes and headquarters of senior officials, weapons depots and laboratories. The first wave of the assault focused on senior officials. According to two defense officials familiar with the initial assessments of the Israeli attacks in Iran, there is increasing likelihood that Israel succeeded in killing Maj. Gen. Mohammad Bagheri, the chief of staff of Iran’s armed forces, along with several senior commanders of the Revolutionary Guards and leading scientists involved in the country’s nuclear program.

Aaron BoxermanIsabel Kershner

Aaron Boxerman and 

Reporting from Jerusalem

Netanyahu says fighting with Iran will continue as long as Israel deems necessary.

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The prime minister of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu, in a suit, seen in a screen grab from a video.
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel announced the launch of strikes against Iran in a video statement on Friday.Credit...Israeli Government Press Office, via Agence France-Presse — Getty Images

Benjamin Netanyahu, the Israeli prime minister, told an anxious country in an early morning video statement that Israel had attacked Iran’s nuclear facilities to ward off an existential threat, vowing that the battle would continue for “as many days as it takes.”

Israeli forces attacked Iran’s “main enrichment facility in Natanz,” as well its ballistic missile capabilities and top Iranian nuclear scientists, Mr. Netanyahu said.

“We struck at the heart of Iran’s nuclear enrichment program. We struck at the heart of Iran’s nuclear weaponization program,” he added. “We targeted Iran’s leading nuclear scientists working on the Iranian bomb. We also struck at the heart of Iran’s ballistic missile program.”

Israel’s targets included nuclear facilities, air defense batteries, homes and headquarters of senior officials, weapons depots and laboratories. The first wave of the assault also focused on senior Iranian figures.

Across Israel, people huddled in public shelters and fortified safe rooms in anticipation of an Iranian response. Israel’s defense ministry declared a national state of emergency and told the public to expect Iran to fire missiles and drones in response.

Justifying the government’s decision to launch the attack, which caps more than 20 months of war between Israel and Iranian-backed groups like Hamas and Hezbollah, Mr. Netanyahu said Israel had to act promptly to eliminate what he called the existential threat of a nuclear-armed Iran.

“I told our security leadership: We have no alternative but to act swiftly,” he said. “We can’t leave these threats for the next generation. If we don’t act now, there won’t be a next generation.”

Mr. Netanyahu said Israel was facing “difficult days, but great days” ahead. He also repeatedly invoked the Holocaust — the annihilation of European Jewry — as a reason not to treat a nuclear Iran lightly.

“Together, with God’s help, we will ensure Israel’s eternity,” he said.

Adam Rasgon contributed reporting.

Michael Crowley

State Department reporter

The American Israel Public Affairs Committee, or AIPAC, says in a statement that “Israel’s action to cripple Iran’s nuclear program is a service to all civilized people.” As supporters of Israel wonder how far the Trump administration will go to defend the country from an inevitable Iranian counterattack, the influential group adds: “America must stand with our ally at this critical moment as it takes action to protect its families and the world from a nuclear-capable Iran.”

Adam Rasgon

Reporting from Jerusalem

In Tel Aviv, Ichilov Hospital, one of Israel’s biggest medical centers, has opened an emergency underground hospital and has begun transferring departments to the subterranean location, the hospital said in a statement.

Farnaz Fassihi

Iran’s state media report two prominent nuclear scientists, Mohammad Mehdi Tehranchi and Fereydoun Abbasi, were killed when Israel attacked their homes in targeted assassinations. Israel has assassinated several Iranian nuclear scientists in covert operations.

Farah Fleurima

The U.S. Embassy in Jerusalem has directed all government employees and families to shelter in place across Israel, according to an official statement.

Qasim Nauman

Iran has closed its airspace until further notice, the country’s Civil Aviation Authority said in a statement.

Jonathan Swan

The White House just released President Trump’s schedule for Friday. He has a National Security Council meeting at 11 a.m. in the Situation Room. We are now two hours after the strikes and Trump has still not said a word. The White House has not yet responded to our questions, including whether the United States will help defend Israel against expected Iranian counterstrikes.

Isabel Kershner

Reporting from Jerusalem

Israel’s military chief of staff, Lt. Gen. Eyal Zamir, warned in a televised address that Iran’s response was likely to be different than previous counterattacks, adding, “I don’t promise successes alone.”

Isabel Kershner

Reporting from Jerusalem

Netanyahu and his defense minister, Israel Katz, decided on Monday that the attack would begin this Friday, in coordination with the military chief of staff, Lt. Gen. Eyal Zamir, according to an official statement.

Farnaz Fassihi

Tabriz, a city located in northern western Iran with an Azeri population and a center of commerce, is currently under attack at least five explosions heard, according to Iranian media.

Farnaz Fassihi

The commander in chief of Iran’s Revolutionary Guards, Gen. Hossein Salami has been killed in the Israeli strikes, Iranian state television reports. The deputy commander of Iran’s armed forces, Gen. Gholamali Rashid, and Fereydoun Abbasi, a nuclear scientist, have also been killed, it adds.

Farnaz Fassihi

Iran’s state news agency IRNA reported that at least a dozen civilians were killed in the Israeli strikes in Tehran alone.

Isabel Kershner

Reporting from Jerusalem

Israel has closed its airspace to civilian traffic. All flights arriving at or departing from Ben Gurion International Airport, near Tel Aviv, have been cancelled.

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Credit...Arash Khamooshi for The New York Times
Farnaz Fassihi

Israel attacked at least six military bases around Tehran, including Parchin, and residential homes at two highly secure complexes for military commanders and multiple residential buildings around Tehran, in what appears to be targeted assassinations, according to four senior Iranian officials.

Michael Crowley

State Department reporter

A critical question is whether the U.S. will play an extensive role in defending Israel from an Iranian counterattack, as the Biden administration did when those countries exchanged blows last year. Secretary of State Marco Rubio made no mention of such a role in a statement tonight, saying that “our top priority is protecting American forces in the region.” Some prominent Trump supporters are already calling for the United States to stay out of the conflict. Without U.S. assistance, Israeli defenses could be overwhelmed by a barrage of Iranian ballistic missiles, leading to major damage within Israeli cities.

Farnaz Fassihi

State television is broadcasting footage from the Mahalati complex where military commanders live and showing buildings still on fire and emergency crews still putting out the fire. The state television reports that two residential buildings have collapsed, causing fatalities and injuries, and that cars have burnt and windows have shattered in the area.

David E. Sanger

White House reporter

Israel appears to have entered a new phase in its attacks on Iran’s critical personnel with these strikes. For years, Israel targeted In Iran’s senior military leadership and many of its top nuclear scientists individually. Some were killed by sticky bombs attached to their car doors. The country’s chief nuclear scientist was killed in a robot-assisted assassination. But some of the strikes tonight appeared to be part of an effort to kill such personnel en masse.

Eric Schmitt

National security reporter

Senator Jack Reed of Rhode Island, the top Democrat on the Armed Services Committee, criticized the Israeli strikes. “Israel’s alarming decision to launch airstrikes on Iran is a reckless escalation that risks igniting regional violence,” he said. “These strikes threaten not only the lives of innocent civilians, but the stability of the entire Middle East.”

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Credit...Eric Lee/The New York Times
Robert Jimison

Congressional reporter

Senator Jim Risch, the Republican chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, said he stood with Israel and was praying for its success in strikes that he called a “defensive action.” In a statement, he added a warning to Tehran: “I am also praying for the brave U.S. service members in the Middle East who keep America safe —Iran would be foolish to attack the United States.”

Farnaz Fassihi

Mehdi Rahmati, a conservative political analyst in Tehran, said, “There is now a real chance of a regional war,” he said. “Our allies are still capable. Hezbollah has missile and drone capacities and the Houthis are very capable.” He also numbered an Iraqi miltiia among Iran’s allies.

Edward Wong

Global diplomacy reporter

Secretary of State Marco Rubio on Thursday ordered the State Department to form a new Middle East task force, drawing from many different offices in the agency, to handle needs arising from the crisis in the region, said a U.S. official with knowledge of the action. The purpose of the task force is to be in contact with U.S. citizens during hostilities, offer public messaging and conduct diplomacy.

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Credit...Eric Lee/The New York Times
Adam Rasgon

Reporting from Jerusalem

Netanyahu said Iran has “taken steps that it has never taken before — steps to weaponize this enriched uranium.”

He did not provide specific evidence or additional detail about those steps, but added, “if not stopped, Iran could produce a nuclear weapon in a very short time. It could be a year. It could be within a few months.”

Keith Bradsher

Reporting from Beijing

Crude oil prices have jumped sharply following the Israeli attack, with the Brent crude oil future price jumping 8 percent to $75 a barrel. Iran lies on the northern side of the Strait of Hormuz, at the exit of the Persian Gulf, positioning Iran to block much of the oil exports of Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and smaller Persian Gulf states if it wishes to do so in retaliation for the Israeli strike.

Isabel Kershner

Reporting from Jerusalem

Netanyahu said in a video statement that Israel’s operation would continue “for as many days as it takes.”

Isabel Kershner

Reporting from Jerusalem

Netanyahu has made preventing Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon his signature platform for decades. He spoke in historic terms early Friday, saying in an address in Hebrew that Israel was facing “difficult days, but great days” ahead. “Together, with God’s help, we will ensure Israel’s eternity,” he added.

Qasim Nauman

The strikes on Iran have had an immediate impact on civilian flights in the region, especially over or near Tehran. “Some flights are routing around the city or diverting, but there are many flights currently transiting Iranian airspace,” the aviation tracker Flightradar24 said. The aviation tracker said flights had started to divert away from Iran as a whole.

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Credit...Vahid Salemi/Associated Press
Isabel Kershner

Reporting from Jerusalem

An Israeli military official briefing reporters on the condition of anonymity in line with army rules said that Israeli intelligence indicated that Iran had been advancing a secret program to assemble a nuclear weapon and said that the country now had enough material to rapidly assemble nuclear bombs. He added that the project was reaching a point of no return.

Robert Jimison

Congressional reporter

Secretary of State Marco Rubio said in a statement that the United States was “not involved in strikes against Iran and our top priority is protecting American forces in the region.” He added that “Israel advised us that they believe this action was necessary for its self-defense.”

He ended his statement with a warning to Iran against any form of retaliation aimed at the U.S. forces in the region: “Let me be clear: Iran should not target U.S. interests or personnel.”

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Credit...Haiyun Jiang for The New York Times
Aaron Boxerman

Reporting from Jerusalem

Benjamin Netanyahu, the Israeli prime minister, just issued his first remarks since the Israeli attack on Iran, in a video statement. Netanyahu said that Israel had attacked Iran’s main nuclear “enrichment facility in Natanz,” as well as “Iran’s leading nuclear scientists.” He accused Iran of advancing its nuclear program, calling it “a clear and present danger to Israel’s very survival.”

Aaron Boxerman

Reporting from Jerusalem

Netanyahu said Israel had acted to stop Iran “buying for time” amid ongoing talks with the United States. He praised President Trump for “leadership” without commenting on whether the United States had backed the strike.

Adam Rasgon

Reporting from Jerusalem

Brig. Gen. Effie Defrin, the Israeli military’s chief spokesman, said Israel could not “allow Iran to obtain a nuclear weapon that would be a danger to Israel and the entire world.”

“We have no choice,” he said in video shared with reporters. “We are operating against an imminent and existential threat.”

Helene Cooper

National security reporter

A U.S. defense official said that air defense systems were being deployed to protect the more than 40,000 American troops scattered at more than a dozen military bases in the region, but declined to say what role the United States was taking in Israel’s defense in the event of Iranian retaliation.

Ephrat Livni

Reporting from Washington

After striking Iran, Israel braces for retaliation.

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A group of people in a concrete bunker.
Israelis gathering in a shelter after sirens went off in Tel Aviv on Friday.Credit...Itay Cohen/Reuters

Shortly after the strike against Iran on Friday, Israel’s defense minister said the country was bracing for a retaliatory missile and drone attack “in the immediate time frame.”

The defense minister, Israel Katz, said he had signed an order declaring a “special emergency” and called on the public to follow guidelines from the authorities, and to remain in protected areas.

The Israeli military’s Home Front Command issued new guidelines early on Friday morning, limiting activities to only those deemed “essential.” It placed a prohibition on most educational activities, gatherings and work.

Shortly before those announcements, sirens sounded in Jerusalem early on Friday morning. Around that time, the U.S. ambassador to Israel, Mike Huckabee, posted on social media that he was at the embassy in Jerusalem, where he would remain all night, and was “closely following” the situation.

“Pray for the peace of Jerusalem!” Mr. Huckabee said.

Eric Schmitt

National security reporter

Some 40,000 U.S. military personnel are stationed in the Persian Gulf and elsewhere in the Middle East to defend American bases and interests in the region, including the defense of Israel. The aircraft carrier Carl Vinson, armed with F-35 fighter jets, is currently in the Arabian Sea.

But those forces were on higher alert on Thursday in preparation for possible retaliatory strikes by Iran. Military planners were weighing how and when to move some military aircraft out of the immediate area, to reduce the chance of them being struck by retaliatory fire.

Rebecca F. Elliott

Oil prices have surged to their highest level in months on concerns that Israel’s strikes on Iran could disrupt oil supplies. Benchmark prices in the United States topped $72 a barrel, up nearly 6 percent. Iran produces roughly 3 percent of the world’s oil, according to the Paris-based International Energy Agency.

Farnaz Fassihi

Residents in the Iranian cities of Isfahan, Arak and Kermanshah, which house military and industrial complexes, have reported hearing explosions.

Farnaz Fassihi

One of the more than 1,000 people who were participating in a virtual town hall discussion about about diplomacy with the United States when the strikes began was Mohammadreza Karchi, a prominent sociologist. He is among those still connected to the call, and says that explosions continue to rock Tehran and terrified residents in his neighborhood, Satar Khan, have swarmed to the streets, some in their pijamas.

Farnaz Fassihi

A senior Iranian official said that a compound in Tehran where senior military commanders live, Shahrak Shahid Mahalati, had been attacked and that three residential buildings had been demolished.

Aaron Boxerman

Reporting from Jerusalem

An Israeli military official, who briefed reporters on condition of anonymity to comply with protocol, said the strikes in Tehran were aimed at targets related to Iran’s nuclear program and the Iranian regime’s long-range missile capabilities. The official added that Israel was conducting dozens of strikes in multiple areas of Iran.

Ephrat Livni

Reporting from Washington

Mike Huckabee, the U.S. ambassador to Israel, said in a post on social media early on Friday morning that he was at the U.S. Embassy in Jerusalem and would remain all night as he was “closely following” the situation.

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Credit...Eric Lee/The New York Times
Farnaz Fassihi

A man standing on a roof in Tehran, Mohammad Jamali, said that he could see two Israeli jets attacking an airbase of the Revolutionary Guards. “What I can see is two massive flames and smoke coming from two military bases in eastern Tehran,” he said.

Farnaz Fassihi

Tehran’s sky has been cleared of civilian flights. An Iranian journalist, Mohsen Salehikhah, said in an interview that he lives in the eastern part of Tehran and heard five explosions.

Ronen Bergman

The Israeli strikes followed months of extensive preparations for the attack, which accelerated after Israel’s success in the war against Hezbollah and the fall of Bashar al-Assad’s regime in Syria, according to two Israeli defense officials familiar with the details of the operation.

The officials said that prior to the strike, Israel committed to the Trump administration that it would not attack Iran without first notifying the United States.

Eric Schmitt

National security reporter

A U.S. official on Thursday confirmed Israeli strikes in Iran were underway. The official said that no U.S. aircraft were involved in the attack, but offered no other details on scope, size or locations of intended targets.

Jonathan Swan

President Trump and his most senior aides knew these strikes were likely coming, according to three people briefed on the matter. It’s unclear what — if anything — Trump did to try to deter Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu from taking this action.

Maggie Haberman

Just a few hours ago, President Trump was arguing for negotiations between the U.S. and Iran for a nuclear deal to continue. He said he did not want to see Israel strike Iran. His main negotiator, Steve Witkoff, was preparing for talks overseas on Sunday in Oman.

Farnaz Fassihi

Iran’s state television and the Tasnim news agency are showing images of explosions across Tehran, with smoke and fire billowing from buildings.

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Credit...Vahid Salemi/Associated Press
Aaron Boxerman

Reporting from Jerusalem

The Israeli military announced at 3 a.m. local time that schools across the country would be shuttered, mass gatherings would be banned and workplaces would be closed “except for essential sectors.”

In central Jerusalem, with sirens ringing out, more than 100 people are huddling in an underground parking lot.

Maggie Haberman

While U.S. officials believed such an Israeli strike could be imminent, it has not been clear what President Trump had said directly to Israel’s prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, in recent days. But Trump made clear earlier today that, while he knew a strike was possible, he did not favor Israel going forward while the administration was still trying to negotiate a deal to contain Iran’s nuclear program.

Maggie Haberman

Trump has consistently talked about how no new wars began during his first term. And a number of Trump’s supporters do not want to see the United States drawn into another conflict in the Middle East.

Farnaz Fassihi

A senior Iranian official said that Tehran had been attacked. The official said that Iranian fighter jets had taken off and that Israeli planes were attacking Iran.

Farnaz Fassihi

Over 1,000 Iranians were listening to a live town hall discussion, on the social media app Clubhouse, about diplomacy with the United States when the strikes began. One participant, Farhad Khorrami, said he lives in Tehran and that the sky was lighting up and the sounds of blasts were coming back to back.

Ephrat Livni and Aaron Boxerman

Israel’s defense minister, Israel Katz, said that Israel had made a “preemptive strike” against Iran and declared a special emergency across Israel. A missile and drone attack against Israel and its civilian population “is expected in the immediate timeframe,” he said.

Sirens began ringing out in Jerusalem and other cities.

Farnaz Fassihi

Residents of Tehran reported hearing the sound of back-to-back explosions that rattled windows and shook the ground.

Steven Erlanger

Reporting from Prague

Iran is breaking the rules on nuclear activity, the U.N. watchdog says.

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An anti-American mural on the side of a building in Tehran next to a freeway with cars.
A mural in Tehran. The International Atomic Energy Agency said that Iran had failed to provide information about nuclear material and activities. Credit...Arash Khamooshi for The New York Times

The International Atomic Energy Agency declared on Thursday that Iran was not complying with its nuclear nonproliferation obligations, the first time the U.N. watchdog has passed a resolution against the country in 20 years.

The long-anticipated censure vote by the agency’s board of governors in Vienna came at a time of high tension over Tehran’s nuclear program, with American and European officials saying they believe that Israel may be preparing an imminent military strike against Iran.

Iran condemned the vote, calling it political in a joint statement from its foreign ministry and national atomic energy agency. The resolution “completely called into question the credibility and prestige” of the nuclear watchdog, they said.

The statement added that Iran will “launch a new enrichment center in a secure location and replace the first-generation machines” at another site with more modern equipment.

The agency’s resolution was put forward by the United States, Britain, France and Germany and passed easily, with 19 votes of the 35-nation board. Russia, China and Burkina Faso voted against, and 11 other countries abstained, while two did not vote.

The agency also said Iran consistently failed to provide information about undeclared nuclear material and activities at multiple locations.

Iran had reacted angrily to the prospect of the vote and threatened to leave the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, which came into force in 1970. Iran is a signatory but has not ratified a section that would allow inspectors to search areas of the country where they suspect nuclear activity. But the vote was also seen as part of the diplomacy around the negotiations on Iran’s nuclear program between Washington and Tehran.

Iran’s foreign minister, Abbas Araghchi, said on Wednesday that a move to censure the country would “compel Iran to react STRONGLY. Blame will lie solely and FULLY with malign actors who shatter their own relevance.”

After the vote, Mr. Araghchi confirmed that he will attend a sixth round of talks on Sunday in Oman but cautioned that the censure added complexity to already-delicate negotiations. He will meet President Trump’s special envoy, Steve Witkoff, according to an American with knowledge of the talks.

Mr. Araghchi and others have warned that any military action against Iran by the United States or by Israel would produce severe consequences, potentially including strikes on American military bases.

Mr. Trump sought to play down Iran’s warnings. “I would love to avoid a conflict,” he told reporters at the White House on Thursday. But, he added, “they’re going to have to be willing to give us some things that they’re not willing to give us right now.”

He also acknowledged the chances of an Israeli strike on Iran but warned that such an attack could “blow it,” in reference to a U.S.-Iran deal, which he called “fairly close.”

The diplomatic effort is aimed at ensuring that Iran stops or sharply reduces uranium enrichment, which is needed for a nuclear weapon. Iran has said its nuclear program is for civilian use, not to develop weapons.

The Trump administration has proposed an arrangement that would provide Iran with fuel for reactors but prevent it from building a nuclear weapon or enriching uranium. Iran has said it will never give up the right to enrichment.

The nuclear agency vote was another indication that American and European patience is wearing thin. But the resolution did not immediately refer Iran’s noncompliance to the Security Council to consider more sanctions on Tehran. It is an effort to get Iran to comply, said a senior European diplomat who spoke on condition of anonymity to discuss private deliberations.

Any Iranian move to increase nuclear activity would probably increase Israel’s belief that a military attack is the only way to stop Tehran from obtaining a nuclear weapon. Iran already has enough highly enriched uranium at near weapons-grade to build 10 bombs in less than a year, according to the I.A.E.A.

Iran’s continued failure to comply with the nuclear watchdog’s requirements could be grounds for the Security Council to restore, or “snap back,” heavy economic sanctions on Tehran that were lifted as part of the 2015 deal that was agreed with the Obama administration, the five permanent members of the Security Council, the European Union and Germany. Mr. Trump withdrew the United States from that agreement in 2018, a move that Iran says gave it license to abandon its commitments to limit nuclear activity.

Under the 2015 deal, which expires Oct. 18, any participant can trigger the snapback sanctions, which would reinstate the multinational and U.N. sanctions lifted under the Obama-era agreement.

Those sanctions are in addition to American ones and are severe. They include an embargo on selling conventional weapons to Iran, asset freezes, banking restrictions and various restrictions on uranium enrichment and nuclear-related trade.

If those sanctions were reinstated, the restrictions would come back into force after 30 days unless the Security Council passed a resolution to continue sanctions relief.

That threat is also intended to push Iran toward a diplomatic resolution. But the snapback can only be used before the 2015 deal expires.

Leily Nikounazar contributed reporting from Brussels, and Edward Wong from Washington.


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