Project Syndicate
Big Picture
The Flight of the Inflation Hawks
Feb 2, 2023
The US Federal Reserve’s quarter-point interest-rate hike is the smallest since last year, when it implemented four consecutive 0.75 percentage-point rises. But lingering fears that inflation will persist mean that US policymakers – like their counterparts in the United Kingdom and the eurozone – remain under pressure to maintain a tough stance.
As former Reserve Bank of India Governor Raghuram G. Rajan explains, the consensus is that the Fed will “err on the side of doing too much,” because then it could “keep any downturn mild by cutting rates.” But as we enter a “period of maximum danger,” he warns, the Fed would do well to “remain acutely sensitive to incoming data.”
Nobel laureate Joseph E. Stiglitz is less convinced by the Fed’s approach. Pointing to evidence that inflation has been caused by “pandemic-related supply shocks and shifts in the pattern of demand,” not excess aggregate demand, he expects rate hikes to do little to limit price growth. They could, however, push a “fragile global economy” into recession, “precipitating more debt crises.”
And yet, according to James K. Galbraith of the University of Texas at Austin, the “hawkishness of the past year” may have been “just a warm-up.” Given the “striking partisan political bias” that has shaped past monetary decisions, he believes that the Fed may well “ease up and claim a victory over inflationary pressures that were always temporary,” only to launch its “real crusade against ‘inflation’” when the US presidential race gets underway late this year – “just in time to do maximum economic and political damage.”
The risks are not limited to the United States. The London Business School’s Lucrezia Reichlin argues that the risk that policymakers are going “too far too fast” is particularly acute in Europe, where energy-price inflation is easing after “taking a large toll on real disposable incomes.” Unless central banks know something we do not, they should “proceed with caution,” lest continued monetary tightening bring “huge economic costs” and trigger a backlash that could threaten central-bank independence.
Featured in this Big Picture
Raghuram G. Rajan
RAGHURAM G. RAJAN
Joseph E. Stiglitz
JOSEPH E. STIGLITZ
James K. Galbraith
JAMES K. GALBRAITH
Lucrezia Reichlin
LUCREZIA REICHLIN
Think Again About Persistent Inflation - and the Non-Partisan Fed
Nov 18, 2022
JAMES K. GALBRAITH
Now that the US midterm election is over, markets and the financial press are returning to a more dovish outlook and concluding that major sources of inflationary pressure were transitory after all. But it may not last, because monetary policy appears to have been following politics more closely than its practitioners want to admit.
AUSTIN – Two days after the midterm elections in the United States, the Financial Times reported that US inflation has slowed, markets are “giddy,” and the Federal Reserve may now ease up on its interest-rate hikes. The timing was strategic, given that the push from oil prices ended in June, and that overall price changes have been low since July. With the election over, it seems, now it is safe to admit the facts.
Just this past August, the eminent Harvard economist Jason Furman wrote that “underlying inflation” in the US was “more likely to be rising than falling,” and that the Fed would “need to stick to its plan of rapid interest-rate hikes.” I replied that the “persistence of headlines doesn’t mean that price increases themselves are persistent,” and perhaps “the great inflation scare is already past.”
I wasn’t alone. About a year ago, the professional economists at the Fed appear to have made a similar prediction. The eminent Harvard economist Kenneth Rogoff attacked them in May 2022 for thinking that the price shock might be temporary; I countered that the Fed employs “sensible technicians” who “might well have expected price stability to return (at the new levels).”
The latest Producer Price Index provides evidence on this point. According to Reuters: “Excluding food and energy, goods prices dipped 0.1%, [which] followed an unchanged reading in September. The department’s consumer inflation report last week showed consumer core goods prices also declined in October.” Who was right? We were.
Since February 2021, former US Secretary of the Treasury and Harvard economist Lawrence H. Summers has been beating the inflation drum. Summers’ arguments back then rested (strangely) on worries about excess savings, on “Federal Reserve debt purchases,” and on “soaring stock and real estate prices.” He was not focused on the price of oil, which tripled in 2021 and spiked again in the spring and summer of 2022.
I am not an inflation dove, but I favor anti-inflation policies that actually work. In June 2021, I conceded that there were some price risks on the horizon, notably those stemming from “financial speculation in oil, metals, timber for home construction, and so forth.” I also pointed out that higher interest rates would increase costs for businesses, which would then pass those costs along to consumers, making the price picture worse in the short run.
Fed Chair Jerome Powell’s crusade against inflation began in January 2022, leading me to warn that, “Once borrowers know that rates are going up over time, they tend to load up on cheap debt, fueling speculative booms in real assets (like land) and fake assets (like... cryptocurrencies). Meanwhile, long-term interest rates remain unmoved, so the yield curve flattens or even becomes inverted, eventually causing credit markets and the economy to fail.”
That, too, was right. Debt rose in the second quarter and even more in the third. The price of Bitcoin increased until late March, after which it fell by about two-thirds – including by 20% in the space of five days earlier this month. Similarly, the US housing price index peaked in May and has been falling ever since. The yield curve is now inverted – meaning that short-term interest rates on Treasuries are higher than long-term ones – a strong sign of more trouble ahead.
Powell and the Fed did not conquer inflation. The White House did, by selling oil from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve to bring down the price of gasoline – at least for the time being. Declining gasoline prices have caused other prices slowly to level off. To be fair, the Fed can be credited with puncturing ultra-high-leverage, speculative, overblown sectors such as crypto, which should have been regulated out of existence long ago, and, of course, with the slump in housing starts.
What will come next? In a July 2007 study of the Fed’s behavior between 1983 and 2006, I and two co-authors found no evidence that the central bank reacted predictably to inflationary pressures – possibly, in part, because there weren’t many in those years. Instead, it reacted to high employment, regardless of whether that metric had any effect on prices (which it didn’t). Despite its legal mandate to pursue full employment with price stability, the Fed – in practice – appears to fear tight labor markets even when prices are not going up.
We also found a striking partisan political bias in monetary decisions. During the period we studied, after accounting for both inflation and jobs, interest rates were sharply higher (and yield curves flatter) in presidential election years when the Democrats held the White House. In every model we ran, this bias was substantial. It accounted for about 150 basis points in the difference between short-term interest rates and the rate of return on a ten-year Treasury bond during those election years. That’s about the same size as the effect of low unemployment. Together, the two variables predict that in a good jobs year with a Democratic president, monetary policy will be about three full percentage points tighter than in a bad year with a Republican president.
There is nothing surprising about this – once one discards the myth that the Fed operates like a non-partisan priesthood. America’s central bank is dominated by partisan Republicans from the business class – in financial circles, at the regional Federal Reserve Banks, and on the Federal Reserve Board, where Democratic presidents habitually reappoint Republican chairs – as Bill Clinton did with Alan Greenspan, Barack Obama with Ben Bernanke, and Joe Biden with Powell. Democrats who serve are habitually non-partisan – or hard-liners projecting an image. The result is that pressure for tight policies hits harder when Democrats are in power than when Republicans are.
If the Fed continues to heed the eminent Harvard economists, there could be a deeper unraveling next year. That would be bad, especially if crypto or developments in Europe trigger a larger financial crash. But, as post-election hints from the financial press suggest, the Fed might now decide to ease up and claim a victory over inflationary pressures that were always temporary. If it does, labor-market conditions may remain tight.
And if that happens, and if my 15-year-old model of the Fed’s behavior still has predictive power, the hawkishness of the past year will have been just a warm-up. The real crusade against “inflation” will start when the presidential race gets underway in late 2023 – just in time to do maximum economic and political damage.
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