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Ukraine’s Operation Spider’s Web is a game-changer for modern drone warfare. NATO should pay attention
The use of cheap drones to strike targets deep within Russia provides a blueprint for rapidly evolving modern warfare that should inform how states seek to defend themselves.
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Published 6 June 2025 4 minute READ
Katja Bego
Senior Research Fellow, International Security Programme
Ukraine’s Operation Spider’s Web will undoubtedly enter the history books as one of the most remarkable and best-executed covert operations of the war, with potential consequences for warfare far beyond the current conflict.
According to Ukrainian intelligence, which released information about the 1 June operation, Ukraine used 117 drones to strike several airbases deep within Russia. Ukraine says it damaged or destroyed 41 planes, including bombers that carry strategic cruise-missiles. The drones, which were transported close to the bases hidden in the back of trucks and operated remotely, were reportedly able to inflict damage of up to $7 billion – at a fraction of the cost.
The operation showed that Kyiv did in fact hold some of the cards ahead of proposed negotiations in Istanbul, temporarily stunned the Kremlin into silence and dealt a blow to Russia’s capacity to launch lethal missile strikes against Ukraine.
It also offered a glimpse into the future of warfare, transformed by access to cheap, widely available technology such as small drones, in which anything, anywhere can become a target. While NATO figures will likely have been impressed by Spider’s Web’s success, the operation’s effectiveness also raises urgent questions about the alliance’s own readiness for a future shaped by similar attacks.
Cheap technology, drones and AI
The operation was remarkable for its use of relatively cheap, existing technologies. Throughout the war, Ukraine has proven especially adept at using relatively low-cost and lower-tech solutions to counter Russia’s larger numbers and deeper resources. It has pushed the envelope on drone innovation to counter Russia’s own well-financed drone operations.
Operation Spider’s Web is one of the starkest examples yet of just how adept Ukraine has become at gaining an asymmetric advantage – doing more with less. Though the full details are not yet known, Ukraine is believed to have used rigged versions of lower-tech commercially available FPV drones in the operation.
The operation should serve as a stark warning that warfare has changed.
Reports suggest it cleverly used AI solutions to program the drones to hit the Russian planes in their weak spots ahead of time, using museum pieces of the old Russian planes as training data.
The actual navigation of the drones relied on drone autopilot software ArduPilot, an old open-source solution used by drone hobbyists. ArduPilot allowed the drones to autonomously continue their paths, even when the human pilots temporarily lost signal, enabling the strike deep within Russia’s heartland.
A new blueprint for attacks
While Operation Spider’s Web was successful in large part due to its surprise element and creativity, the operation should serve as a stark warning that warfare has changed.
All the technologies used in the operation – or at least versions of them – are available to many other states, as well as non-state actors. They may well take inspiration and copy elements of the operation in different contexts to target both military and civilian infrastructure.
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The smuggling of drones on the back of trucks driven unknowingly by Russian drivers is another element that could be emulated. Since the attack, unverified videos have emerged of Russian authorities checking long lines of trucks. NATO’s interconnected, open economies are vulnerable to similarly disruptive attacks. It is simply not feasible to look for drones in every container that enters the ports of Rotterdam, Hamburg or Los Angeles.
Drone technology is also rapidly evolving, including improvements in autonomous aspects that will increase the capacity for drone swarming. As the technology becomes more widely accessible, similar drone attack operations will only become more feasible and easier to execute across wider areas.
No longer out of reach
The attacks were also revolutionary in their ability to strike targets previously thought to be well out of reach. For Russia, they threaten to undermine a long-standing strategy of relying on its vast size and strategic depth to shield key military and industrial assets from within striking distance of any front-line on its western border. Operation Spider’s Web struck targets well beyond the range of any previous drone incursions, including the Belaya base in Irkutsk in Russia’s far-east, almost 5,000 kilometres away from Kyiv.
It is impossible to protect everything, everywhere, all the time.
But Russia is not the only country that has assumed sensitive military sites would be out of reach from hostile drone attacks. NATO states are similarly at risk. Since the Cold War, many NATO members have paid insufficient attention to protecting their strategic infrastructure, whether military bases or commercial ports. They have frequently left expensive assets out in the open and concentrated in a few spots, which could now be vulnerable to potential long-range drone attacks.
The location of much strategic infrastructure is publicly known, or relatively easily discovered through widely available satellite imagery, prompting fears over potential hostile actors conducting reconnaissance at the sites. Washington has voiced concerns over recent years about Chinese companies purchasing land near strategic US military bases; Finland in 2025 banned Russian nationals from doing the same near its sensitive military areas. Recent mysterious drone overflights near bases and airports from Denmark and Germany to the UK and US raise related fears.
How NATO should adapt
Operation Spider’s Web highlights how drones, especially those with increasingly sophisticated autonomous capabilities, are a vital element of increasingly agile and flexible modern warfare.
NATO countries have already recognised this change and made plans to adapt. The UK’s recent Strategic Defence Review refers to drones 28 times, compared to just three mentions of tanks. Across the alliance, members are investing heavily in research and development in drones, though more emphasis should be placed on the development of smaller, more agile UAVs.
NATO has set up new structures, such as a dedicated learning centre in Poland, to rapidly internalise and adapt to the lessons learned from Ukraine’s highly effective drone war. Though innovation should not just be limited to drones, staying at the forefront of drone technology will be critical.
Image — Damaged Tu-95 bombers on the tarmac at the Belaya airbase in Russia. Satellite image (c) 2025 Maxar Technologies.
Topics
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) European defence
Regions
Ukraine Russia
Departments
International Security Programme
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Article second half
But NATO must not just focus on offensive capabilities. It should also adapt to protect itself against rapidly evolving threats. Investing in counter-drone technologies is crucial.
There is no one silver bullet to counter the drone threat. Instead, NATO needs to be agile and invest in a wide range of solutions.
Currently, NATO militaries often still rely on expensive air defences to protect against drone attacks. While these can be effective, their cost is disproportionate – in the Red Sea, for example, the US Navy has shot down $2,000 Houthi drones using $2 million missiles. Air defences are also generally limited to covering military bases and assets. Other critical infrastructure sites – from civilian airports to power plants – have few if any protections against drone attacks and are especially vulnerable.
There is no one silver bullet to counter the drone threat. Instead, NATO needs to be agile and invest in a wide range of solutions: from lower-tech interventions such as increasing tree cover, to iterative learning from Ukraine’s experiences in electronic warfare and jamming, to developing new technologies that more effectively track and disable drones on approach.
NATO members also need to recognise that under the new conditions of warfare, it is impossible to protect everything, everywhere, all the time. This necessitates difficult choices about which systems and infrastructures to prioritise. It also makes it imperative for NATO to invest in both deterrence and intelligence capabilities, with the aim of preventing hostile drone attacks before it’s too late to stop them.
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