Monday, October 13, 2025

Facts on Gaza Peace - The plan's 20 points - Components - Negotiations - Implementation - Opinion - Reactions - References

 The plan's 20 points were outlined as follows:[49]

  1. Gaza will be a deradicalized terror-free zone that does not pose a threat to its neighbors.
  2. Gaza will be redeveloped for the benefit of the people of Gaza, who have suffered more than enough.
  3. If both sides agree to this proposal, the war will immediately end. Israeli forces will withdraw to the agreed upon line to prepare for a hostage release. During this time, all military operations, including aerial and artillery bombardment, will be suspended, and battle lines will remain frozen until conditions are met for the complete staged withdrawal.
  4. Within 72 hours of Israel publicly accepting this agreement, all hostages, alive and deceased, will be returned.
  5. Once all hostages are released, Israel will release 250 life sentence prisoners plus 1700 Gazans who were detained after October 7, 2023, including all women and children detained in that context. For every Israeli hostage whose remains are released, Israel will release the remains of 15 deceased Gazans.
  6. Once all hostages are returned, Hamas members who commit to peaceful co-existence and to decommission their weapons will be given amnesty. Members of Hamas who wish to leave Gaza will be provided safe passage to receiving countries.
  7. Upon acceptance of this agreement, full aid will be immediately sent into the Gaza Strip. At a minimum, aid quantities will be consistent with what was included in the January 19, 2025, agreement regarding humanitarian aid, including rehabilitation of infrastructure (water, electricity, sewage), rehabilitation of hospitals and bakeries, and entry of necessary equipment to remove rubble and open roads.
  8. Entry of distribution and aid in the Gaza Strip will proceed without interference from the two parties through the United Nations and its agencies, and the Red Crescent, in addition to other international institutions not associated in any manner with either party. Opening the Rafah crossing in both directions will be subject to the same mechanism implemented under the January 19, 2025, agreement.
  9. Gaza will be governed under the temporary transitional governance of a technocratic, apolitical Palestinian committee, responsible for delivering the day-to-day running of public services and municipalities for the people in Gaza. This committee will be made up of qualified Palestinians and international experts, with oversight and supervision by a new international transitional body, the "Board of Peace", which will be headed and chaired by President Donald J. Trump, with other members and heads of State to be announced, including former prime minister Tony Blair. This body will set the framework and handle the funding for the redevelopment of Gaza until such time as the Palestinian Authority has completed its reform program, as outlined in various proposals, including President Trump's peace plan in 2020 and the Saudi-French proposal, and can securely and effectively take back control of Gaza. This body will call on best international standards to create modern and efficient governance that serves the people of Gaza and is conducive to attracting investment.
  10. A Trump economic development plan to rebuild and energize Gaza will be created by convening a panel of experts who have helped birth some of the thriving modern miracle cities in the Middle East. Many thoughtful investment proposals and exciting development ideas have been crafted by well-meaning international groups, and will be considered to synthesize the security and governance frameworks to attract and facilitate these investments that will create jobs, opportunity, and hope for future Gaza.
  11. A special economic zone will be established with preferred tariff and access rates to be negotiated with participating countries.
  12. No one will be forced to leave Gaza, and those who wish to leave will be free to do so and free to return. We will encourage people to stay and offer them the opportunity to build a better Gaza.
  13. Hamas and other factions agree to not have any role in the governance of Gaza, directly, indirectly, or in any form. All military, terror, and offensive infrastructure, including tunnels and weapon production facilities, will be destroyed and not rebuilt. There will be a process of demilitarization of Gaza under the supervision of independent monitors, which will include placing weapons permanently beyond use through an agreed process of decommissioning, and supported by an internationally funded buy back and reintegration program all verified by the independent monitors. New Gaza will be fully committed to building a prosperous economy and to peaceful coexistence with their neighbors.
  14. A guarantee will be provided by regional partners to ensure that Hamas, and the factions, comply with their obligations and that New Gaza poses no threat to its neighbors or its people.
  15. The United States will work with Arab and international partners to develop a temporary International Stabilization Force (ISF) to immediately deploy in Gaza. The ISF will train and provide support to vetted Palestinian police forces in Gaza, and will consult with Jordan and Egypt who have extensive experience in this field. This force will be the long-term internal security solution. The ISF will work with Israel and Egypt to help secure border areas, along with newly trained Palestinian police forces. It is critical to prevent munitions from entering Gaza and to facilitate the rapid and secure flow of goods to rebuild and revitalize Gaza. A deconfliction mechanism will be agreed upon by the parties.
  16. Israel will not occupy or annex Gaza. As the ISF establishes control and stability, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) will withdraw based on standards, milestones, and timeframes linked to demilitarization that will be agreed upon between the IDF, ISF, the guarantors, and the United States, with the objective of a secure Gaza that no longer poses a threat to Israel, Egypt, or its citizens. Practically, the IDF will progressively hand over the Gaza territory it occupies to the ISF according to an agreement they will make with the transitional authority until they are withdrawn completely from Gaza, save for a security perimeter presence that will remain until Gaza is properly secure from any resurgent terror threat.
  17. In the event Hamas delays or rejects this proposal, the above, including the scaled-up aid operation, will proceed in the terror-free areas handed over from the IDF to the ISF.
  18. An interfaith dialogue process will be established based on the values of tolerance and peaceful co-existence to try and change mindsets and narratives of Palestinians and Israelis by emphasizing the benefits that can be derived from peace.
  19. While Gaza re-development advances and when the PA reform program is faithfully carried out, the conditions may finally be in place for a credible pathway to Palestinian self-determination and statehood, which we recognize as the aspiration of the Palestinian people.
  20. The United States will establish a dialogue between Israel and the Palestinians to agree on a political horizon for peaceful and prosperous co-existence.

Components

Map of the Trump plan for the ending of the Gaza war (More detailed version of the phase one withdrawal line shown on map below)[50]

Phase 1: Immediate ceasefire and humanitarian actions

The plan mandates an immediate cessation of hostilities, with all military operations suspended and frontlines frozen. All Israeli hostages, alive and deceased, will be returned within 72 hours. Palestinian prisoners will be released, including 250 life sentence prisoners and 1,700 individuals arrested since the war began. For every Israeli hostage whose remains are released, Israel will release the remains of 15 deceased Gazans.[51][52][38]

Phase 2: Demilitarization and security measures

Further information: International Stabilization Force

The proposed strategy includes the destruction of Hamas's offensive weaponry, such as tunnels and military infrastructure, to neutralize their capacity for further violence. The statement says that Gaza will be "a de-radicalized terror-free zone that does not pose a threat to its neighbors". It also offers amnesty to Hamas members who commit to peaceful coexistence, with safe passage provided for those opting for exile. Additionally, a temporary international stabilization force, composed of U.S., Arab, and European personnel, would be deployed to oversee security and facilitate the training of a Palestinian police force, ensuring long-term stability and peace.[51][52][53][38]

Phase 3: Governance and reconstruction

Main article: Gaza International Transitional Authority

A transitional administration, led by Palestinian technocrats and supervised by an international body, is planned to be established in phase 3 to manage day-to-day governance and oversee the rehabilitation of infrastructure. Humanitarian aid is to be delivered without interference, with international organizations such as the United Nations and the Red Crescent overseeing its distribution to ensure fairness and efficiency. Additionally, efforts are planned to encourage Palestinians to remain in Gaza, offering support to those choosing to stay and rebuild their communities.[49][54]

Recognition of Palestinian statehood

See also: Two-state solution

The strategy includes the acknowledgment of Palestine as a state, contingent upon successful reconstruction efforts and necessary reforms within the Palestinian Authority. To pave the way for long-term peace, a dialogue would be initiated between Israel and the Palestinians to establish a political framework that promotes peaceful coexistence and mutual understanding.[51] Although the plan recognizes the Palestinian state as a possibility that is "the aspiration of the Palestinian people", it does not say that the United States would recognize Palestine as a state.[2] On September 30, 2025, Netanyahu said that a Palestinian state would not be established under Trump's plan, ruling out such a possibility.[55]

Negotiations

Phase one

On September 30, Donald Trump's proposal was forwarded to Hamas and Trump stated that the group had "three or four days" to respond to the plan.[56] Hamas has announced that they were studying the proposal "in good faith".[57]

On October 2, reports emerged that Hamas's political leadership in Qatar were open to accepting the proposed deal and asked for additional clauses for international guarantees concerning Israel's withdrawal from the Gaza Strip and the safety of its leadership.[58][59] However, Hamas's leader in the Gaza Strip itself, Izz al-Din al-Haddad, has been reported to have objections to the proposal.[60] An investigation by the New York Times found widespread support for the plan amongst civilians in the Gaza Strip,[61] with many urging Hamas to accept the deal.[62] The Egyptian and Qatari governments continued working to convince Hamas to accept the proposal.[63]

On October 3, Trump gave Hamas a deadline of Sunday October 5, 2025, 18:00 Washington D.C. time (22:00 GMT), to accept the proposed deal.[3] Later that day, Hamas announced that they would release all Israeli hostages, living and deceased and expressed willingness to negotiate on Trump's proposed plan, though it did not agree to disarm or forgo influence in Gaza.[7][8] Trump responded by saying that he believes that Hamas is "ready for lasting peace", and urged Israel to "immediately stop bombing Gaza" to allow for the safe release of hostages.[64] Despite Trump's request for it to stop, Israel continued its bombing up to October 5, killing 70 Palestinians, stating, in one of those strikes, that it targeted a Hamas militant who posed a threat to its forces, expressing regret for harm to uninvolved civilians, and saying it "works to mitigate harm to uninvolved civilians as much as possible".[65][66]

On October 4, Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu ordered the armed forces to halt their offensive in Gaza City in response to Trump's demands.[67][68] It was reported that talks between Palestinian factions, including Hamas, regarding the future governance of Gaza would take place in Cairo.[69] US Special Envoy to the Middle East, Steve Witkoff, and Jared Kushner were reported to be heading to Cairo to finalise the technical details of the hostage release and discuss the lasting peace deal.[70] Indirect talks between Israel and Hamas were planned to take place over the next few days in Egypt.[71] Later that evening, Trump posted on social media that Israel "has agreed to the initial withdrawal line" and that when Hamas confirms, a ceasefire will "be IMMEDIATELY effective".[72][73]

On October 5, it was reported that the talks would be held in Sharm el Sheikh. The Israeli delegation would be led by Strategic Affairs Minister Ron Dermer and the Hamas delegation led by Khalil Al-Hayya.[74] Trump stated that the talks may take "a couple of days" and called for "everyone to move fast", adding, "I am told that the first phase should be completed this week."[75]

On October 6, negotiators from Israel and Hamas began indirect talks in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt to discuss the release of the remaining Israeli hostages and Palestinian prisoner exchange mediated by Egyptian, Qatari, Turkish and US officials.[76][77][1] The talks lasted for around four hours and ended on a positive note, with a road map agreed for further talks the following day.[78]

Two rounds of negotiations were held on October 7, with sources describing "progress" being made. US envoys Jared Kushner and Steve Witkoff and Qatari prime minister Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani were expected[needs update] to join the talks on October 8.[79] A five-point agenda for further talks, covering ending the war, prisoner and hostage exchange, Israeli withdrawal, humanitarian assistance and post-war was agreed.[80]

Secretary Rubio briefing President Trump that Israel and Hamas have signed off on the peace deal; October 8, 2025.

On October 8, Trump was handed a handwritten note from secretary of state Marco Rubio during a live television appearance stating an agreement was "very close" and that he would need to "approve a Truth social post soon so you can announce deal first".[81][82] Shortly thereafter, reports emerged that an agreement had been reached and would be signed the following day.[83][84] Trump subsequently confirmed that an agreement on the first phase of the deal had been approved by both sides, posting on social media that, "I am very proud to announce that Israel and Hamas have both signed off on the first Phase of our Peace Plan."[81] The agreement was signed in Egypt at 12 noon local time on October 9. Hostages were to be freed over the weekend or early the following week, with Hamas releasing 20 living hostages in exchange for Israel's release of 2,000 Palestinian prisoners, including 250 serving life sentences and 1,700 prisoners that detained since the war began.[81][85]

On 13 October, Hamas released the 20 living hostages and Israel began to release the Palestinian prisoners.[86]

Phase two

Phase two negotiations are expected to begin after hostages are released.[87]

Vice-president of the Palestinian Authority, Hussein al-Sheikh, met with Tony Blair on 12 October 2025 to discuss the ceasefire and reconstruction in the Gaza Strip.[88][89]

An international summit on the next phase of the peace plan was convened on 13 October in Sharm el Shaikh, Egypt.

Implementation

Phase one agreed timeline

Implementation Steps for President Trump's Proposal for a Comprehensive End of Gaza War

The first part of the peace plan, titled the "Implementation Steps for President Trump's Proposal for a Comprehensive End of Gaza War", was signed by Israel and Hamas on 9 October 2025 in Sharm el Sheikh, Egypt.[90]

The timeframe is as follows:

  • US president Donald Trump announces the end of the war in the Gaza Strip
  • Hostilities will cease once the agreement is approved by the Israeli cabinet
  • Entry of humanitarian aid into the Gaza Strip will commence upon the cessation of hostilities
  • Israeli armed forces will commence withdrawing to the lines agreed upon approval of the agreement with this process being completed within 24 hours
  • All living hostages should be released within 72 hours of the completion of the withdrawal of Israeli forces
  • All remains of deceased hostages within Hamas's possession should be returned within 72 hours of the completion of the withdrawal of Israeli forces
  • Palestinian prisoners to be released in parallel with the release of Israeli hostages
  • A task force including representatives from the United States, Qatar, Egypt, Turkey and other countries is to be formed to monitor on the implementation of the agreement.

Phase one actions

Phase one withdrawal line shown in yellow

The Israeli cabinet approved the agreement in the early hours of 10 October 2025.[91] Subsequently, the Israeli armed forces began withdrawing from parts of the Gaza Strip to agreed-upon deployment lines.[92] The withdrawal was completed at 12 noon local time on 10 October, at which point the ceasefire formally came into effect.[93] The United States began establishing a joint control centre under the leadership of Brad Cooper, head of US Central Command, to monitor the cessation of hostilities.[94][95][96]

On 11 October, Brad Cooper, Steve Witkoff, and Jared Kushner travelled into the Gaza Strip to verify Israel's compliance with the first phase of the agreement.[97]

On 12 October, Hamas announced it was prepared to transfer the 20 living hostages to Israel. In response, Netanyahu stated, "Israel is prepared and ready for the immediate reception of all our hostages." Israeli sources indicated they believed Hamas would release the hostages before midnight on Sunday so that they would be under Israeli care when Trump arrived in Israel on Monday morning.[98] Coordinator for Hostages and Missing Persons Gal Hirsch said the most "realistic" time for the hostages’ return is 6 or 7 a.m. on Monday, though there are reports they could return earlier.[99] That evening, Trump declared that "The war is over" and that the Board of Peace and interim administration would be formed quickly.[100]

Release of hostages and exchange of prisoners

On 13 October at 8 a.m., in Gaza City, Hamas released 7 hostages to the Red Cross and then into the custody of IDF troops.[101] Around 11 a.m., in the southern Gaza Strip, Hamas released the additional 13 living hostages to the Red Cross and then into the custody of IDF troops.[102] Hamas ultimately decided to return the remains of four of the dead hostages later on 13 October, despite agreeing to release all 28.[103] According to Israeli officials the released hostages were aged 22-48, and included a pair of twin brothers and IDF soldiers, the released deceased hostages were aged between 22-53, and included a Nepalese agriculture student and an IDF soldier.[104]

During a ceremony in the Gaza Strip which was held later on 13 October 2025, some Israeli Defense Forces received the caskets containing the bodies of four deceased hostages and then brought the caskets out of Gaza and into Israel after crossing the Gaza-Israel border.[105] Hamas only returned the bodies of only four of the 30 remaining deceased Israeli hostages which was in violation of the ceasefire agreement, in which it stated that all the hostages would be returned in the same day.[106]

After the return of the living hostages, Israel began releasing Palestinian prisoners, including 1,718 Gazan detainees arrested over the course of the war. About 1,700 of these Gazans had been held without charge.[107] Prior to the release, 11,056 Palestinians were held in Israeli prisons according to HaMoked, with about 3,500 of those held in administrative detention without trial. Some of the released prisoners were seen with protruding cheekbones, showing signs of recent beatings and had to be supported by relatives as they were unable to walk and when pressed about treatment in Israeli prisons by reporters many did not respond due to concerns of repercussions by Israeli authorities.[107]

Other Palestinian prisoners released included 250 Palestinian security prisoners who were serving life sentences for various acts against Israel. Among those released were Ashraf Hajajra, who was serving 12 life terms for transporting the terrorist responsible for the 2002 Yeshivat Beit Yisrael bombing in Jerusalem, which killed 11 people; Bahar Badar, serving 11 life terms for killing 9 civilians in the Tzrifin bombing; Ayham Kamamji, who was serving two life terms for his involvement in the 2006 kidnapping and murder of Eliyahu Asheri; Muhammad Abu Tabikh, the mastermind behind the Megiddo junction bombing, which killed 17 and wounded dozens; Iyad Abu al-Rub, commander of Palestinian Islamic Jihad in Jenin, who was responsible for three suicide bombings in Israel, including the Hadera Market bombing, which resulted in the deaths of 13 Israelis; and Raed Sheikh, who was imprisoned for his involvement in the 2000 Ramallah lynching.[108][109][110][111]

Opinion

According to an analysis published in The Wall Street Journal, Hamas's shift towards agreeing to the peace deal was primarily driven by growing diplomatic pressure both from within and outside the group. This pressure stemmed from Arab and other Muslim countries, especially Turkey, Egypt, and Qatar, who urged Hamas to accept the agreement. Their pressure was influenced by Trump's efforts and by the Israeli attacks in Lebanon, Iran, and Qatar, which heightened fears in the Arab world of Israel's growing power. Additionally, Hamas faced pressure at home, where the people in Gaza were suffering from hunger and destruction and simply wanted the war to end. These factors combined to force Hamas into agreeing to release the hostages and sign the first part of the peace deal, as it saw no other way to end the war.[112]

Historian Rashid Khalidi stated on October 13, 2025 that the Trump 20-point plan was not a genuine peace process, since it consisted of a ceasefire, a hostage exchange, and a temporary lift of the Israeli siege of Gaza, but did not contain plans for "completely equal rights for all individuals and both peoples".[113]

Reactions

Palestine and Israel

Hostages Square in Tel Aviv, 9 October 2025, following the announcement of the impending release of Israeli hostages. Artwork says "Matan [Angrest] is coming home!"
Teddy Stadium with sign "Thank you president Trump"

Support in the Israeli government was mixed. Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich denounced the plan as "a historic missed opportunity" which will force Israel to "fight in Gaza again".[4] Leader of the Opposition Yair Lapid endorsed the plan and said, "Israel should announce it is joining the discussions led by the president to finalize the details of the deal."[114]

Israeli opposition politician Benny Gantz lauded "Trump's extraordinary efforts to secure a hostage deal and safeguard Israeli security" and said the plan "must be implemented, our hostages brought home, Israel's operational freedom maintained, Hamas's terror regime in Gaza replaced, and moderate Arab States instated instead as I proposed a year and a half ago".[115]

The Palestinian Authority called Trump's efforts "sincere and determined" and said that it is committed to holding new parliamentary and presidential elections within a year of the war's end, changing school curriculum, and forming a new security force, while affirming its desire for a "modern, democratic, and non-militarized Palestinian state, committed to pluralism and the peaceful transfer of power".[116]

Taher al-Nounou, a senior Hamas official, said in September they were not consulted about the current proposal and, in any case, they will not accept the demilitarization offer as Israel has demanded.[5][6] Hamas leader in Gaza, Izz al-Din al-Haddad, reportedly objected to the proposal as he is thought to believe that the plan aims to finish Hamas. Hamas's political leadership in Qatar have been reported to be open to accepting the proposal with certain amendments.[60] On October 3, 2025, Hamas issued an official response, declaring its readiness to release all hostages, to hand over the administration of the Gaza Strip to independent Palestinian technocrats and to negotiate further details.[7]

Palestinian Islamic Jihad leader Ziyad al-Nakhalah called the plan an attempt by Israel to impose through the U.S. "what it could not achieve through war" and condemned "the American-Israeli declaration" as "a recipe for blowing up the region".[4] Following Hamas's agreement to the plan, the PIJ followed suit and said Hamas's response "represents the stance of the Palestinian resistance forces".[117]

In the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, senior member Abu Ali Hassan, said that the plan is "a recipe for managing the war and prolonging it, not for its end". He also called the plan "a desperate attempt to separate Gaza from the Palestinian territorial entity".[118]

Member of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine political bureau, Arkan Badr, said that the plan is "a direct attack on the Palestinian national entity".[119]

International

International leaders widely welcomed the ceasefire, affirmed its importance, and hoped it would lead to lasting peace.[120][121] Argentine president Javier Milei stated that Trump should be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[122] Canadian prime minister Mark Carney praised the efforts of Trump, Qatar, Egypt, and Turkey in negotiating the agreement and called on Israel and Hamas to carry out their commitment to free all hostages.[123]

On 6 October 2025, High Representative Kaja Kallas announced that the European Union seeks a role in the proposed transitional authority for Gaza, stating, "we feel that Europe has a great role and we should be also on board with this."[124] The European Union has two overseas operations in the Palestinian territories, the European Union Border Assistance Mission to Rafah and the European Union Mission for the Support of Palestinian Police and Rule of Law.

The United Nations special rapporteur for human rights "expressed hope for a permanent ceasefire" but said that multiple portions of the plan contradicted international law and the ICJ ruling on Israel's occupation of Palestine.[125]

Notes

  1.  See Gaza genocide § Academic and legal discourse and Gaza genocide recognition § Explicit statements by national governments

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