WPR World Politics Review Modi’s Hindu Nationalist Agenda Is Corroding India’s Democracy The Editors Jul 7, 2023July 12, 2023

WPR World Politics Review

Modi’s Hindu Nationalist Agenda Is Corroding India’s Democracy

The Editors

Jul 7, 2023July 12, 2023

Modi’s Hindu Nationalist Agenda Is Corroding India’s Democracy

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi addresses supporters at Bharatiya Janata Party headquarters, New Delhi, India, May 23, 2019 (AP photo by Manish Swarup).

Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s overwhelming victory in India’s elections in May 2019 solidified his grip on power and ensured that he will set the country’s agenda for the foreseeable future. While the vote was technically a victory for his right-wing, nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party, Modi turned it into a referendum on himself, becoming the face of nearly every BJP candidate’s local campaign. Modi played up his strongman persona on the campaign trail, particularly with regard to Pakistan, with which India had traded tit-for-tat airstrikes over Kashmir just months before the elections.

After the landslide victory, critics wondered whether Modi would double down on the Hindu nationalism and illiberalism that characterized his first term in office, or rein it in. In the four years since then, the answer has clearly been the former. In August 2019, Modi revoked Kashmir’s semiautonomous status and imposed a media and internet blackout on the state. Later that month, the state of Assam published the results of a citizenship census, the National Register of Citizens, that critics claimed was a backhanded effort to strip Muslim migrants from neighboring Bangladesh—and their descendants—of Indian citizenship. And in December 2019, the government passed an immigration law that would confer fast-track citizenship on non-Muslim migrants from three neighboring Muslim-majority countries, including Bangladesh, sparking weeks of domestic protests.

Meanwhile, Modi’s administration faces foreign policy challenges besides Pakistan, including regional competition for influence with China. Three years ago, the two countries engaged in a series of unarmed skirmishes along their disputed border in the Himalayas that culminated in a deadly brawl in June 2020, marking the first casualties suffered there in 45 years. Though they subsequently reached a resolution to the standoff, the situation remains volatile, in part because of the pressure Modi faces from his nationalist domestic base to stand up to India’s powerful neighbor.

Upon taking office in January 2021, U.S. President Joe Biden made a priority of engaging early with New Delhi as part of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, known as the Quad, which observers see as an effort to counter China’s influence. But with Biden making the defense of liberal democratic values a central pillar of his foreign policy agenda, some observers wondered whether India’s illiberal slide under Modi might make it a less attractive partner in America’s strategic competition with China. Those fears were heightened by India’s refusal to vocally condemn the Russian invasion of Ukraine or rally behind the U.S. position on the war at the United Nations. But as Modi’s recent triumphant state visit to Washington—and the big-ticket arms deals announced during it—underscored, geopolitical considerations seem to have trumped values in determining Washington’s priorities for the relationship.

WPR has covered India in detail and continues to examine key questions about what will happen next. Will Modi’s government continue to look the other way on Hindu nationalist violence? Will ties with the U.S. live up to the heightened expectations generated by Modi’s state visit? Can Modi capitalize on the country’s “demographic dividend” to turn India into an economic superpower? Below are some of the highlights of WPR’s coverage.

Our Most Recent Coverage

India Will Need More Than Population Growth to Surpass China’s Economy

The U.N. recently projected that India will replace China as the world’s most-populous country this year, fueling discussion about whether India’s swelling population could create a “demographic dividend” that would allow it to surpass China economically as well. But India has a lot of ground to cover to meet those expectations.

Domestic Politics

While Modi and his party have taken steps not to explicitly endorse a “Hindu first” agenda, it is clear where his sympathies lie. Modi’s BJP was able to secure an outright majority for the second time in a row in India, an almost unprecedented feat in modern Indian politics. But despite a weakened opposition, Modi’s failure to deliver on his economic agenda as well as other recent missteps have put a dent in his popularity.

(What’s missing from India’s climate change agenda, in India’s ‘Green Growth’ Climate Spending Shortchanges Adaptation

How Bollywood has become the latest battleground for Modi’s Hindu nationalism, in Bollywood Is Fueling Modi’s Hindu-Nationalist Agenda

How journalists in India are paying a cost for covering religious violence, in In Modi’s India, Reporting on Religious Violence Puts Journalists at Risk

What recent state elections mean for Modi and his ruling BJP party, in Modi’s BJP Shores Up Its National Dominance With State Elections Sweep)

Global Relations

Under Modi, New Delhi has moved to become a more important player in the region, working to strengthen relations throughout Southeast and East Asia. But Modi’s Hindu nationalist leanings, particularly the 2019 citizenship law, have tarnished India’s image and strained ties with countries in its neighborhood and beyond. Meanwhile, relations between New Delhi and Beijing are characterized by an uneasy mix of cooperation and rivalry, underscored by periodic tensions over unresolved border disputes, as highlighted by the deadly clash in June 2020. As a result, the U.S. is still a key partner for India, despite lingering trade concerns on both sides and tensions over New Delhi’s refusal to take a side in Washington’s standoff with Moscow.

What’s driving New Delhi’s closer ties with Canberra, in Australia and India’s Relations Are Flourishing—With an Eye on China

What a recent tech cooperation deal means for India-U.S. relations, in The India-U.S. Partnership Has Momentum. Now It Needs Direction

Why building a closer partnership with India won’t come easy for the EU, in Europe’s Ties With India Are Dangerously Underdeveloped

Why India has avoided confronting China over skirmishes on their contested border—or acknowledging them publicly, in Two Years After Border Clashes, India Still Lacks a Coherent China Policy

Kashmir and the Conflict With Pakistan

The long-simmering tensions between India and Pakistan threatened to boil over in early 2019, when a Pakistani-based terrorist group killed 40 Indian paramilitary personnel in the disputed Kashmir region. Weeks later, Modi sent his response in the form of an air attack on a terrorist training camp inside Pakistan’s borders, although questions persist about just how effective that strike actually was. Though the situation eventually calmed, Modi later revoked Kashmir’s autonomous status, once again raising tensions with Islamabad. The two sides subsequently agreed to recommit to a cease-fire on the Line of Control that separates them in Kashmir, but much more will be required to ease the tensions that make the region such a flashpoint.

Why the superficial calm in Kashmir is unlikely to last, in India’s Crackdown in Kashmir Has Brought Calm, but Not Peace

Why halting steps toward engagement with Pakistan never led anywhere, in The India-Pakistan Thaw Is on a Road to Nowhere

Why New Delhi and Islamabad are opting for engagement rather than confrontation, in India and Pakistan Pursue a Thaw in Kashmir—Again

How the revocation of Kashmir’s autonomy has fueled militancy, in After India Revoked Its Autonomy, Kashmir Sees Repression and Militancy Rise

Editor’s note: This article was originally published in July 2019 and is regularly updated.

Modi’s Hindu Nationalist Agenda Is Corroding India’s Democracy

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi addresses supporters at Bharatiya Janata Party headquarters, New Delhi, India, May 23, 2019 (AP photo by Manish Swarup).

Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s overwhelming victory in India’s elections in May 2019 solidified his grip on power and ensured that he will set the country’s agenda for the foreseeable future. While the vote was technically a victory for his right-wing, nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party, Modi turned it into a referendum on himself, becoming the face of nearly every BJP candidate’s local campaign. Modi played up his strongman persona on the campaign trail, particularly with regard to Pakistan, with which India had traded tit-for-tat airstrikes over Kashmir just months before the elections.

After the landslide victory, critics wondered whether Modi would double down on the Hindu nationalism and illiberalism that characterized his first term in office, or rein it in. In the four years since then, the answer has clearly been the former. In August 2019, Modi revoked Kashmir’s semiautonomous status and imposed a media and internet blackout on the state. Later that month, the state of Assam published the results of a citizenship census, the National Register of Citizens, that critics claimed was a backhanded effort to strip Muslim migrants from neighboring Bangladesh—and their descendants—of Indian citizenship. And in December 2019, the government passed an immigration law that would confer fast-track citizenship on non-Muslim migrants from three neighboring Muslim-majority countries, including Bangladesh, sparking weeks of domestic protests.

Meanwhile, Modi’s administration faces foreign policy challenges besides Pakistan, including regional competition for influence with China. Three years ago, the two countries engaged in a series of unarmed skirmishes along their disputed border in the Himalayas that culminated in a deadly brawl in June 2020, marking the first casualties suffered there in 45 years. Though they subsequently reached a resolution to the standoff, the situation remains volatile, in part because of the pressure Modi faces from his nationalist domestic base to stand up to India’s powerful neighbor.

Upon taking office in January 2021, U.S. President Joe Biden made a priority of engaging early with New Delhi as part of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, known as the Quad, which observers see as an effort to counter China’s influence. But with Biden making the defense of liberal democratic values a central pillar of his foreign policy agenda, some observers wondered whether India’s illiberal slide under Modi might make it a less attractive partner in America’s strategic competition with China. Those fears were heightened by India’s refusal to vocally condemn the Russian invasion of Ukraine or rally behind the U.S. position on the war at the United Nations. But as Modi’s recent triumphant state visit to Washington—and the big-ticket arms deals announced during it—underscored, geopolitical considerations seem to have trumped values in determining Washington’s priorities for the relationship.

WPR has covered India in detail and continues to examine key questions about what will happen next. Will Modi’s government continue to look the other way on Hindu nationalist violence? Will ties with the U.S. live up to the heightened expectations generated by Modi’s state visit? Can Modi capitalize on the country’s “demographic dividend” to turn India into an economic superpower? Below are some of the highlights of WPR’s coverage.

Our Most Recent Coverage

India Will Need More Than Population Growth to Surpass China’s Economy

The U.N. recently projected that India will replace China as the world’s most-populous country this year, fueling discussion about whether India’s swelling population could create a “demographic dividend” that would allow it to surpass China economically as well. But India has a lot of ground to cover to meet those expectations.

Domestic Politics

While Modi and his party have taken steps not to explicitly endorse a “Hindu first” agenda, it is clear where his sympathies lie. Modi’s BJP was able to secure an outright majority for the second time in a row in India, an almost unprecedented feat in modern Indian politics. But despite a weakened opposition, Modi’s failure to deliver on his economic agenda as well as other recent missteps have put a dent in his popularity.

(What’s missing from India’s climate change agenda, in India’s ‘Green Growth’ Climate Spending Shortchanges Adaptation

How Bollywood has become the latest battleground for Modi’s Hindu nationalism, in Bollywood Is Fueling Modi’s Hindu-Nationalist Agenda

How journalists in India are paying a cost for covering religious violence, in In Modi’s India, Reporting on Religious Violence Puts Journalists at Risk

What recent state elections mean for Modi and his ruling BJP party, in Modi’s BJP Shores Up Its National Dominance With State Elections Sweep)

Global Relations

Under Modi, New Delhi has moved to become a more important player in the region, working to strengthen relations throughout Southeast and East Asia. But Modi’s Hindu nationalist leanings, particularly the 2019 citizenship law, have tarnished India’s image and strained ties with countries in its neighborhood and beyond. Meanwhile, relations between New Delhi and Beijing are characterized by an uneasy mix of cooperation and rivalry, underscored by periodic tensions over unresolved border disputes, as highlighted by the deadly clash in June 2020. As a result, the U.S. is still a key partner for India, despite lingering trade concerns on both sides and tensions over New Delhi’s refusal to take a side in Washington’s standoff with Moscow.

What’s driving New Delhi’s closer ties with Canberra, in Australia and India’s Relations Are Flourishing—With an Eye on China

What a recent tech cooperation deal means for India-U.S. relations, in The India-U.S. Partnership Has Momentum. Now It Needs Direction

Why building a closer partnership with India won’t come easy for the EU, in Europe’s Ties With India Are Dangerously Underdeveloped

Why India has avoided confronting China over skirmishes on their contested border—or acknowledging them publicly, in Two Years After Border Clashes, India Still Lacks a Coherent China Policy

Kashmir and the Conflict With Pakistan

The long-simmering tensions between India and Pakistan threatened to boil over in early 2019, when a Pakistani-based terrorist group killed 40 Indian paramilitary personnel in the disputed Kashmir region. Weeks later, Modi sent his response in the form of an air attack on a terrorist training camp inside Pakistan’s borders, although questions persist about just how effective that strike actually was. Though the situation eventually calmed, Modi later revoked Kashmir’s autonomous status, once again raising tensions with Islamabad. The two sides subsequently agreed to recommit to a cease-fire on the Line of Control that separates them in Kashmir, but much more will be required to ease the tensions that make the region such a flashpoint.

Why the superficial calm in Kashmir is unlikely to last, in India’s Crackdown in Kashmir Has Brought Calm, but Not Peace

Why halting steps toward engagement with Pakistan never led anywhere, in The India-Pakistan Thaw Is on a Road to Nowhere

Why New Delhi and Islamabad are opting for engagement rather than confrontation, in India and Pakistan Pursue a Thaw in Kashmir—Again

How the revocation of Kashmir’s autonomy has fueled militancy, in After India Revoked Its Autonomy, Kashmir Sees Repression and Militancy Rise

Editor’s note: This article was originally published in July 2019 and is regularly updated.